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McKee DP, Faine RC, Murphy RF. The effectiveness of a dental health education program in a nonfluoridated community. J Public Health Dent 1977;37:290-9.
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Silverstein S, Gold S, Heilbron P, Nelms D, Wycoff S. Effect of supervised deplaquing on dental caries, gingivitis and plaque. J Dent Res 1977;56:A85
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Axelsson P, Lindhe J. The effect of a plaque control program on gingivitis and dental caries in schoolchildren. J Dent Res. 1977 Oct;56 Spec No:C142?C148.
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Agerbaek N, Poulsen S, Melsen B, Glavind L. Effect of professional toothcleansing every third week on gingivitis and dental caries in children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1978 Jan;6(1):40-1.
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  • pH£·¤°¤é¤¤¤Î¾õÂÖ¤¬15ml10%Sucrose0.3mlmol/l¤ÇpH4.5¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¡£¤·¤«¤â¡¢¥Õ¥í¥¹¤â»È¤Ã¤Æ»õ¤òËᤤ¤¿¸å¤ËƱ¤¸¼Â¸³¤ò¤¹¤ë¤È¡¢pH£·¤¬pH5.5¤È¡¢¤ä¤Ï¤ê²¼¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤·¤Þ¤¦¡£°ìÆüÌܤΥץ顼¥¯¤Ç¤Ï¡¢¤¢¤Þ¤ê²¼¤¬¤é¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¤Í¡£
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Firestone AR, Muhlemann HR.¡¡In vivo pH of plaque-covered and plaque-free interdental surfaces in humans following a sucrose rinse.Clin Prev Dent. 1985 Jul-Aug;7(4):24-6. click


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Curnow MM, Pine CM, Burnside G, Nicholson JA, Chesters RK, Huntington E. A randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of supervised toothbrushing in high-caries-risk children. Caries Res. 2002 Jul-Aug;36(4):294-300. click

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Jackson RJ, Newman HN, Smart GJ, Stokes E, Hogan JI, Brown C, Seres J. The effects of a supervised toothbrushing programme on the caries increment of primary school children, initially aged 5-6 years. Caries Res. 2005 Mar-Apr;39(2):108-15. click

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Borutta A, Pala E, Fischer T. Effectiveness of a powered toothbrush compared with a manual toothbrush for orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. J Clin Dent. 2002;13(4):131-7.click

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  • Question: Which tooth cleaning methods have been shown to be most effective in preventing dental caries and what are the risks and barriers associated with these?
Bibliographic citationStudy typeGeneral comments:
Wendt, L. K., Hallonsten, A. L., Koch, G. and Birkhed, D.. Oral hygiene in relation to caries development and immigrant status in infants and toddlers. Scandinavian Journal of Dental Research. 1994:102;269-73.Cohort StudyPotential confounding factors not addressed, i.e. gender + heterogeneity of different ethnic groups. Not enough evidence to support a recommendation on its own.
Verrips, G. H., Kalsbeek, H., Van Woerkum, C. M., Koelen, M. and Kok-Weimar, T. L.. Correlates of toothbrushing in preschool children by their parents in four ethnic groups in The Netherlands. Community Dental Health. 1994:11;233-9.SurveySelection bias due to 67% of Moroccan respondents being illiterate. No details of how well terminology was explained, e.g. caries, molars etc. Possible recall bias. Importance of health education in advocating frequency of brushing more than once daily + commencement of brushing before 2 yrs. of age.
Sjogren, K., Birkhed, D. and Rangmar, B.. Effect of a modified toothpaste technique on approximal caries in preschool children. Caries Research. 1995:29;435-41.RCTGood ev for brushing with fluoride toothpaste (mechanical action) & importance of decreased use of rinsing water after brushing
Raitio, M., Mottonen, M. and Uhari, M.. Toothbrushing and the occurrence of salivary mutans streptococci children at day care centers. Caries Research. 1995:29;280-4.RCT Toothbrushing at day-care centres does not influence salivary MS counts. Incidental finding : Children who brushed irregularly at home had more risk of positive MS test than those brushing teeth daily at home. (MS considered to be most important bacteria involved in dental decay process).
Holtta, P. and Alaluusua, S.. Effect of supervised use of a fluoride toothpaste on caries incidence in pre-school children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 1992:2;145-9.RCTEven in low-caries groups, supervised brushing with fluoride toothpaste >1000ppmF offers benefits & increases no. of caries-free children. Some caution should be exercised in interpreting results of this study due to study design issues but it appears to support the argument for the use of fl. toothpaste in the prevention of dental caries.
Davies, G. M., Worthington, H. V., Ellwood, R. P., Bentley, E. M., Blinkhorn, A. S., Taylor, G. O. and Davies, R. M.. A randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of providing free fluoride toothpaste from the age of 12 months on reducing caries in 5 4-year old children. Community Dental Health. 2002:19;131-6.RCT High drop out rate (7422 recruited). Importance of fluoride dose when recommending use of fluoride toothpaste.
Chestnutt, I. G., Schafer, F., Jacobson, A. P. and Stephen, K. W.. The influence of toothbrushing frequency and post-brushing rinsing on caries experience in a caries clinical trial. Community Dentistry & Oral Epidemiology. 1998:26;406-11.Survey Provides evidence of importance of frequency of brushing but study flawed as a result of being based on reported frequency by participants, i.e. could be misreported causing bias.


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Pearson LS, Hutton JL. A controlled trial to compare the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove dental plaque. J Adv Nurs. 2002 Sep;39(5):480-9. click

Pearson LS. A comparison of the ability of foam swabs and toothbrushes to remove dental plaque: implications for nursing practice. J Adv Nurs. 1996 Jan;23(1):62-9. click

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    • A plot of the pH of plaque before and after a glucose mouth rinse. At (1), the pH drops due to acid produced by bacteria fermenting the sucrose. At a pH of 5.3 enamel begins to dissolve. At (2), the PH rises due to the buffering action of plaque and saliva. At (3), one side of the arch is brushed and the pH rises to neutral value of 7.0. At (4), a second glucose rinse causes the plaque pH on the unbrushed side to again drop below 5.3. The brushed side also drops but not below the critical pH level (After Stephan and Miller, 1943)
Evidence based management of dental caries; a review of the repair potential of the pulp-dentine R.J.C.Wilding. BDS, Dip Pros. M.Dent. Ph.D click

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Ter½æPzhalmy GT, Bsoul SA, Bartizek RD, Biesbrock AR. Plaque Removal Efficacy of a Prototype Manual Toothbrush versus an ADA Reference Manual Toothbrush with and without Dental Floss. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 August;(6)3:001-013.click

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Warren PR, Cugini MA, Chater BV, Strate J. A review of the clinical efficacy of the Oral-B oscillating/rotating power toothbrush and the Philips Sonicare toothbrush in normal subject populations. Int Dent J. 2004 Dec;54(6):429-37.click
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1.Germicidal activity of antimicrobials and VIOlight Personal Travel Toothbrush sanitizer: an in vitro study.
Beneduce C, Baxter KA, Bowman J, Haines M, Andreana S.
J Dent. 2010 Aug;38(8):621-5. Epub 2009 Sep 23.

2.Reduction in bacterial contamination of toothbrushes using the Violight ultraviolet light activated toothbrush sanitizer.
Boylan R, Li Y, Simeonova L, Sherwin G, Kreismann J, Craig RG, Ship JA, McCutcheon JA.
Am J Dent. 2008 Oct;21(5):313-7.

3.The effectiveness of a u-v toothbrush sanitizing device in reducing the number of bacteria, yeasts and viruses on toothbrushes.
Glass RT, Jensen HG.
J Okla Dent Assoc. 1994 Spring;84(4):24-8.

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1.Tapered toothbrush filaments in relation to gingival abrasion, removal of plaque and treatment of gingivitis.
Versteeg PA, Piscaer M, Rosema NA, Timmerman MF, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden GA.
Int J Dent Hyg. 2008 Aug;6(3):174-82.
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2.Effects of toothbrushes with tapered and cross angled soft bristle design on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a randomized and controlled clinical trial.
Ren YF, Cacciato R, Whelehan MT, Ning L, Malmstrom HS.
J Dent. 2007 Jul;35(7):614-22. Epub 2007 Jun 4.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544560
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3.Cleaning efficacy of a manual toothbrush with tapered filaments.
Dörfer CE, von Bethlenfalvy ER, Kugel B, Pioch T.
Oral Health Prev Dent. 2003;1(2):111-8.
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Hotta M, Sekine I, Imade S, Sano A.
J Clin Dent. 2002;13(6):225-7.
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