英語論文を読むための必須単語
医学臨床英語論文のための英単語集 2004/08/03
description, definition, state, expressed, denote
前述の/前に/予測/予防
previously
predict
prevent
prior to, expect, anticipate
代わるべき/代替の
alternative, as…to…
さらに
further
それぞれ
respectively
頻回
frequent
出来事/示す
incident
調査
examination
survey
investigate
inquire, probe
評価
estimate
estimation
evaluate
assessment
assess
assay
関係/関連
relate
referable to
relation
relevant to
relationship
associate with
association
bearing, conjunction, connection, bearing, concerning, with reference to
比較
compare
compare to
compare with
comparison
as compared with
be compared between A and B
増加
increase
augment, multiply, rise, rose, boost, grow
わかった/証明された/発見
prove
shown
discover
find
develop
detect
evidence
proof
起こる/発生する
occur, occurrence
happen
result
present
appear
arise, ensue
割り当て
assignment
allocation
含む/除外
include
exclude
inclusive, except
上昇/増加/減少
increase
decrease
rise, elevation, increment, multiply, augment, reduce, cut down
推論/結論/結果/決定
inference
sequence
events
conclude
decide
determine
decision
outcome
result
consequence
predict
個人の/個々の/独立
individual
private
independence
distinct
difference
たとえば/仮定する
for instance
for example
instance
assume, assumption, presume
suppose , let, provide, if
なぜなら/だから/よって/
because
since
then
therefore
thus
hence
accordingly
consequently
so , so that, thereby, as a result, wherefore
だいたい/適当な/概算/正確
approximate, appropriate , nearly correct
accuracy, accurate
困難
difficult, crucial
実施する
carry out
execute
underwent
最近の/現在の
recently, current
無症状の
asymptomatic
検査/評価/測定
examine
examination
estimate
measure
どちらか/〜かどうか
either A or B
whether, whether A or B
しかし
however, but, although
〜に従って
according to, with
以下のとおり
as follows: …; …; …; and ….
Summary, Abstract
- Background, Context / Purpose, Objective / Study designs, Setting, participants / Method / Results / Conclusion
Introduction
- 1) その研究分野について
- 2) 過去の研究 とその問題点・一般的な治療の奏効率など
- 3) 研究テーマを、より具体的に
- 4) まだわかっていないことを提示
- 5) 今回の研究によって実現可能な実用的用途(オプション)
- 6) この研究の目的
- この最後の段落の流れは、たとえば、「There is no evidence that….」と「…にはエビデンスがない」との文章があって、それに続いて、「よって、私たちは、この研究を…のために行った」と「Therefore, we conducted a randomized control study to assess the efficacy of ….」などの文章が続きます。これは、日本語でも同じ考えです。あたりまえのようなロジックですが、理解しておくと英語が読みやすくなります。すなわち、論文の構成を日本語でよいので理解することが、英語を読めるコツとなります。
- イントロダクションの最後の方に、以下の文字があれば、そこが目的です。
- In the present study, The present study, we extend the process to the synthesis, Thus, The purpose of this investigation, In this paper, In this report, In this article, In this communication, In this study, This paper, This report, This article, This publication, we examine the need for (to), we discuss, we explain, we report, we study, we consider, we considered, we investigated, discusses, deals with, explains, describes, clarifies, presents, reports, addresses, demonstrates, shows, We did … to find out …, To find out …, we did…, Thus, in the current randomized clinical study,, the hypothesize, The aim of this preliminary study was, We evaluated the effectiveness of
Materials and Methods, Experimental procedure, Procedure
- 1) 倫理委員会の許可
- 2) 対象の施設・データ−ベース。
- 3) 選択基準(inclusionとexclusion criteria)
- 4) インフォームドコンセント(IC)
- 5) 疾患の定義と評価方法
- 6) アウトカムの定義と評価方法
- 7) 治療の内容:介入群と対照群が小項目で分かれていることが多い
- 8) 割付け方法(統計学的方法の章へ入る事も多い)
- 9) 経過観察の期間・方法と脱落例の取り扱い
- 10) 統計学的方法
- (1) サンプルサイズ
- (2) 統計学的解析方法、調整方法
- (3) 統計用ソフト
- 11) 監査やスポンサーについて
- 1) 倫理委員会の許可
- the protocol approved by the Ethical Committee at Hospital
- 2) 対象の施設trial organization
- multicentre , in the Clinic of …. University, clinical
- initially
- 3) 選択基準
- objective, patients, population, participants, subjects selected
- criteria
- inclusion, included, participation, enroll, recruit, recruitment, entry, eligible
- exclusion
- refused
- consecutive
- risk factor
- Further details of … were described previously., elsewhere
- 4) インフォームドコンセント
- informed consent, written informed consent was obtained from all patients
- 5) 疾患の定義
- disease
- defined, definite, All patients diagnosed as
- 6) アウトカムの定義と評価方法
- Data collection, definition of event
- primary, secondary, endpoint, efficacy end point, end point
- occurrence
- outcome
- death
- events
- measured, measurements, assessments, observers
- clinical evaluation, questionnaire
- 7) 治療の内容
- treatment, procedures
- preventing
- alternative, control groups
- intervention, experimental
- exposure
- were obtained
- 8) 割付け方法
- study design
- The stratification was based
- blind, double-blind, masking, placebo
- assignment, random, randomized, randomization, random allocation, randomly assigned, divided, balanced blocks, block ・・randomisation
- We used computer generated random numbers to prepare the allocation schedule in advance. Allocation codes were held in a central office remote from the study environment.
- 9) 経過観察の期間・方法と脱落例の取り扱い
- site visits, monitoring, compliance, safety monitoring
- recall
- follow-up
- period
- compliance, dropout, withdrawals
- 10)統計学的方法
- statistical analysis, analyzed
- Intention to treat, ITT, per-protocol
- funnel plot
- sensitivity, specificity
- survival curve
- variable
- interaction
- An independent data safety committee performed interim analysis of the end point
- (1)サンプルサイズ
- sample size
- α0.05, p=0.05
- β0.2, power 0.8
- clinically significant 50% reduction, calculating, for an expected loss to follow up of 10%
- p value
- (2)統計学的解析方法
- overall
- patient variables
- kappa value
- multivariate statistics, univariate
- (3)統計用ソフト
- 11)監査やスポンサーについて
- audit, sponsor, pole of the funding sources, sponsorship
- The organization had no involvement in the study deign, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of this report.
結果 Results
- 1) 実際に集まった対象者数と内訳 enrollment
- 2) 介入研究なら、群間のベースラインでの比較
- 3) メインのアウトカムについて
- 4) セカンダリーのアウトカムについて
- 5) サブグループアナライシス
- 6) 合併症・有害事象 safety
- accrual, beginning, underwent randomization
- The demographic characteristics of excluded patients did not differ from those of included patients.
- baseline, base-line, initial
- patient variables, majority
- characteristic
- similar, The 2 groups were well balanced with, were balanced between groups, no imbalances
- comparison
- significantly, statistically significant, significantly lower A than B, significant difference
- mean, average, median
- evaluate
- effectiveness, improve
- adverse events, side effect, adverse effects, harm, complications
- percent
- relative
- risk
- reduction
- odds ratio, hazard ratio
- 95% confidence interval
- forrest plot
- positive
- overall
- 図1(対象者のflowchart, Flow diagram of patients enrolled in study, Flow of participants through trial)
- 表1(baseline characteristic, Demographic Characteristics of the Study Groups)
- 表2(result, efficacy, main, primary)
- 表3(result, second, secondary)
- 表4(subgroup)
- 記述/表示
description, definition, state, expressed, denote
前述の/前に/予測/予防
previously
predict
prevent
prior to, expect, anticipate
代わるべき/代替の
alternative, as…to…
さらに
further
それぞれ
respectively
頻回
frequent
出来事/示す
incident
調査
examination
survey
investigate
inquire, probe
評価
estimate
estimation
evaluate
assessment
assess
assay
関係/関連
relate
referable to
relation
relevant to
relationship
associate with
association
bearing, conjunction, connection, bearing, concerning, with reference to
比較
compare
compare to
compare with
comparison
as compared with
be compared between A and B
増加
increase
augment, multiply, rise, rose, boost, grow
わかった/証明された/発見
prove
shown
discover
find
develop
detect
evidence
proof
起こる/発生する
occur, occurrence
happen
result
present
appear
arise, ensue
割り当て
assignment
allocation
含む/除外
include
exclude
inclusive, except
上昇/増加/減少
increase
decrease
rise, elevation, increment, multiply, augment, reduce, cut down
推論/結論/結果/決定
inference
sequence
events
conclude
decide
determine
decision
outcome
result
consequence
predict
個人の/個々の/独立
individual
private
independence
distinct
difference
たとえば/仮定する
for instance
for example
instance
assume, assumption, presume
suppose , let, provide, if
なぜなら/だから/よって/
because
since
then
therefore
thus
hence
accordingly
consequently
so , so that, thereby, as a result, wherefore
だいたい/適当な/概算/正確
approximate, appropriate , nearly correct
accuracy, accurate
困難
difficult, crucial
実施する
carry out
execute
underwent
最近の/現在の
recently, current
無症状の
asymptomatic
検査/評価/測定
examine
examination
estimate
measure
どちらか/〜かどうか
either A or B
whether, whether A or B
しかし
however, but, although
〜に従って
according to, with
以下のとおり
as follows: …; …; …; and ….
2005年12月28日(水) 08:28:18 Modified by mxe05064