**** Lesson 30 - Triadekesma Leciono ******************************************
Order of Words:----------------------------------------------------------------
Generallly speaking, the English order of words is the clearest since English,
having few iflexions, has to arrange its words logically,
subject, verb, object: I love him. - Me amas ilu.
The adjective (if there is only one, and not too long) is bettter placed before
the noun: A long way. - Longa voyo. (Voyo longa would also be correct.)
Adverbs are also normally placed before the word they modify:
He truly said he fully understood. - Ilu vere dicis ke ilu tote komprenas.
The adverbs 'ne' and 'tre' must always be placed before their word:
I like him very much. - Me tre amas ilu.
Not entirely (=not quite). - Ne tote.
Entirely not (=not at all). - Tote ne.
Accusative:--(IFA28)-----------------------------------------------------------
Any noun, adjective, or pronoun can be made an accusative, but only when it is
the direct object of a verb and placed before the subject.
This is done by adding an -n:
A fine story, he told me! - Bela rakonton ilu facis a me!
It was they that I called. - Lin me vokis.
The pronoun 'il','el','ol', are abbreviations for 'ilu','elu','olu', and their
accusatives would be 'ilun','elun','olun':
She it was whom I loved so! - Elun me tante amis!
But the accusative is not necessary, if the object is preceded by the subject:
I saw them (=I them saw). - Me li vidis. 'Me lin vidis.' would be clearer.
It would be recommended to use the accusative whenever the object comes
before (on the left side of) the verb. e.g. I love you. - Me tun amoras.
Compound Words:----------------------------------------------------------------
Nouns can be united as in English to do away with a preposition:
A tea-cup (=a cup for tea). - te-taso (=taso por teo).
A steam-ship. - vapor-navo.
The -o- between the words depends on the euphony:
skribo-tablo or skrib-tablo, but tablo-tuko (not tabl-tuko). The hyphen is
often better inserted: fervoyo-vagono (rather than fervoyovagono).
When the compopund is formed with adjectives or adverbs, it may be useful to
write the termination:
English-speaking people. - Angle-parolanti.
Sky-blue - Ciel-blua. Sunburnt - Sun-brulita
A dark-eyed, curly-headed little boy.
Nigr-okula loklo-hara pueruleto.
Compound words formed with prepositons take the prepositon first and remain in
the same order as in English: Subterranean - Sub-tera Such compound words
do not require the usual affixes, as the relation is expressed by the
preposition: national - nacionala, international - internaciona Again:
natural - naturala, supernatural - supernatura, because -ala means 'pri',
naturala -> pri naturo, fenomeno supernatura -> fenomeno super naturo,
so 'fenomeno supernaturala' would be 'fenomeno pri super naturo'.
In compound words formed by a prepostion and a verb, care should be taken not
to let the compound form alter the object of the verb. For instance:
I see the stones at the bottom through the water.
Me vidas la stoni di la fundo tra la aquo, becomes as a compound:
Me tra-vidas la stoni di la fundo en la aquo (not: me travidas la aquo).
The adjective 'travidebla', therefore, cannot mean 'transparent': it only
applies to the stones, and means 'visible through (the water).'
The word 'transparent' is 'diafana': Stoni travidebla tra diafana aquo.
Mixed Verbs:--(IFA27)----------------------------------------------------------
Many verbs, in the L.I. as in English, can be transitive or intransitive:
Mea laboro komencas, duras, cesas (intransitive);
Me komencas, duras, cesas mea laboro, or, laborar (transitive).
Impersonal Verbs:--------------------------------------------------------------
The following are used without a subject, and are followed by an infinitive:
oportas = it is necessary. importas = it is important.
konvenas = it is convenient. decas = it is proper.
suficas = it is sufficient.
Oportas levar ni frue morte. - We must get up early tomorrow.
It is necessary to raise ourselves early tomorrow.
Other impersona verbs can be formed by the use of 'esar' with an adjective:
Esas utila vakuigar la barelo. - It is useful to empty the barrel.
Derivation:--------------------------------------------------------------------
The logical relation of words must be strictly adhered to in derivation. We can
not, for example derive the verb 'to address', to from the noun 'address',
except by means of the affix -iz, to cover with: adreso -> adresizar
We cannot derive the verb 'to brush', from brush; the root is the verb of
action, 'brosar', and the noun 'broso' can only mean the act of brushing:
a brush requires the affix of instrument -il: brosilo.
But in addition to the affixes that can only be affixes, many roots are used as
affixes, forming then a kind of compound word. Thus the root ag- of the verb
meaning 'to act, do, wield', is used with many names of instruments, when it
was necessary to take the instrument as the first root: e.g. We say
a hammer, to hammer, the second being evidently derived from the first. We
therefore have to use the root -agar to play the part of an affix:
Martelo, martel-agar, or, martel-uzar. This verb, meaning 'to hammer', is a
transitive verb, that can be followed by an object.
He hammered (at) the picture. - Ilu martelagis la pikturo.
In the same way we have: klefagr - to lock, butonagar -to button,
frenagr - to apply the break, pedalagar - to pedal
Titles of Courtesy:------------------------------------------------------------
In addressing noble persons, etc., the word 'Sinior(ul)o', 'Siniorino' is used,
and if necessarly followed by the name of the degnity:
Sinioro Rejo, me humile pregas..
Sinioro Episkopo di London.
Siniorino Komto - The Countess..
Yes, Sinioro, - Yes, your Honor, your Worship.
Elision:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The final 'a' of 'la' and of adjectives, particularly derived adjectives in
-al-, may be dropped when no confusion in sense can arise:
Ilu parolis a l'infanto. la nacional sentimento.
The accent remains on the same syllable as if the 'a' was inserted.
The definite article may be contracted with certain prepostions:
dal = da la, dil = di la, del = de la, al = a la
XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Compound Words Again:-----------------------------------------------------------
A noun can be the root (that is, subject) of a compund with any element except
with a preposition which should work as a sort of a verb when the root noun must
be considered as an object ot the preposition (that is, verb):
A steam-ship - vapor-navo : Navo (subjekto) movas per vaporo.
Submarine - sub'mara : Ka maro (subjekto) esas sub ulo? Ho, Lala! No!
Ulo posedas maro (objekto) en la pozeso sub la maro. Do ....
Sub (prepoziciono) objekto = posedar ulo en la pozeso sub l'objekto.
Sub'mara navo - Navo (subjekto) movas sub la maro (quaza objekto)
- Navo (subjekto) sub'movas la maro (objekto)
international - inter'naciona = posedanta ulo inter nacioni
supernatural - super'natura = posedanta ulo' od existanta super la naturo
fenomeno super'natura = fenomeno evanta super naturo
Itere .... (por instruktar Sro Gonc,alo NEVES)
avan-brakio = manuo ("avan" esas prepoziciono) <- ulo avan brakio = manuo
avana-brakio = avana parto di brakio avan kudo <- brakio avan kudo
(Quo nun esas ca "avana"? Olu esas adjektivo.)
Quo do esas vice-prezidanto?
Vice-prezidanto (A) esas ula Sro B, qua esas anke kapabla laborar kom prezidanto
vice Sro A. Do BYT dezirus expresar la vorto kom vice-A-B. (B vice A)
Sro B esas vice-prezidanto (A) -prezidanto. Ca parto, vice-prezidanto (A), povus
egalesar "vicea". Sro B povus nomesar prezidanto, tamen onu ankore ne definas lu
esar/ye pura prezidanto ma nur vicea-prezidanto, dum ke Sro A ja povas funcionar
tale. Vicea- = tempala, provizora, segun-dezira edc.
Onu anke povus uzar neben*- vice vicea- quale neben*-prezidanto.
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Sro Jean MARTIGNON: On n'est jamais si bien servi que par soi-me^me.(~_^)
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De: "Martignon"
Ye: Vie, 6 de Jul, 2007 3:32 pm
Pri: Kad kliktar o klikar ?
Che IdoCatalaOccitan: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/IdoCatalaOccitan/
> Yo* Idistaro !
> Singlu savas ke me odiegas la prilingua diskuti. Tamen, hike, esas ulo
> neklara por qua me dezirus expliko. Nia samideani uzas por komputilala
> uzo la vorto kliktar*. Ma en la precipua fonto-lingui la radiko di ca
> vorto esas klik- e nule klikt- segun mea savo (Angle, France, Germane).
> Ni, ya, ja havas la vorto kliktar qua segun la dicionario dil la 10 000
> radiki signifikas : bruisar ne-matide.
> Pro quo on uzas ica vorto en tote altra senco ?
> Predanko pro -> por via respondo. JM :::-:::
En Ido ne existas la vorto klikar' ma nur substantivo kliko (cliquet). Do
onu trovas la vorto quala kliko'roto (roue `a rochet / ratchet wheel). Ma
en Ido existas verbo kliktar, qua tamen esas verbo ne'transitiva. Onu nun
uzeskas la verbo kom un transitiva quale onu kliktas* sur ikoni skrenala.
kliktar (ne'transitiva) = facar kurta e kraketema sono
kliktar (transitiva) = igar facar kurta e kraketema sono
Onu ofte igas la muso facar kurta e kraketema sono sur ikoni skrenal. =
Onu ofte kliktas la muso sur ikoni skrenal. Ex. Kliktez sur la ikono ibe.
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Sro Eduardo A. RODI: El ken kere la roza, kere i el punchon (espina). :-P
=========================================================================
De: "Eduardo A. Rodi"
Ye: Mie', 18 de Jul, 2007 3:49 am
Pri: plu antee -> antee
Che IdoCatalaOccitan: http://es.groups.yahoo.com/group/IdoCatalaOccitan/
> Kara Partaka,
> "Plu antee" esas evidenta eroro en la Hispan[ian]a (e vere lede aspek-
> tanta, anke). Ma en Ido, qua esas linguo plu reguloza e racionoza, olu
> devas esar aceptenda, por taspeca exempli:
> "Cavespere, me kusheskos frue. Ma antee, me dineos, e "plu antee" me
> balnesos."
> Ya nia linguo denaska repulsus tala expresuro. Ma me vidas nula motivo
> por repulsar olu anke en Ido, ka yes? Standez bone. Eduardo.
Quankam anke en la Angla "more earlier" esas kompreneble' evidenta eroro,
multa Japoni uzas ta expresuro en sua Angla frazi, forsan, pro ke li male
lernas la Angla patuazo*. E me pensas olu ye tam logikoza quale anke me
uzas ta expresuro kande necesa por apte expresar tala situeso. Nuna'tempe
mem kelka USA-ani uzeskas ta expresuro en sua frazo quale "I could have
kicked myself for not playing him more earlier in the year," Bowden said.
Kar Idisti: Nun Chuang-cu(Zhuang1-z) rakontas en la antiqua China quale ....
================================================================================
Fang zhou er ji yuhe. You xuchuan laichu zhou.
Sui you bianxin zhi ren bunu. You yiren zai jishang, ze hu zhangxi zhi.
Yihu er buwen, yushi sanhu xie. Ze bi yi esheng shizhi.
Xiang ye buhu er jin ye nuzhe. Xiang ye XU er jin ye SHI ye.
Ren neng xuji yi youshi, qi shu nenghai zhi.
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Kande viro en sua batelo esforcas pasar fluvio ed ula vakua kanoto proximeskas
e frapegas lua batelo, lu ne iracas stulte, mem se lu ya esas facile iracebla,
pro ke lu vidas nulu apud su.
Kande tamen ulu direktas la kanoto, nu la viro klamas por hauligar e jirigar da
lu la kanoto. Se lua unesma klamo ne audesas, lu ri'klamas e, se la duesma nek
audesas, lu ri'klamas ica'tempe iracante ya per torento de sordida maledikuri.
Che la unesma kazo lu ne iracas, tamen nun che la duesma kun ulu en la kanoto
la viro furias. Antee lu afrontas simpla vakueso, nun avan sua okuli lu renkon-
tras nur simpla okupeso da ulu.
Se homo sucesus facar su ipsa ye vakua' e vagus tra la mondo, qua sub la cielo
voleskus nocar lu? Askoltez Chuang-cu se onu havas la oreli!
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Mea mastro di Kungfu regretinde aspektis febla oludulo. Irge'kande raskali ma
sen'kauze VENDIS, tale dicas la Japoni, disputi a mea mastro, lu sempre ridetis
ed exkuzis su avan li por ganar pardono de la raskali. Pro ke lu tre timis li?
Ma l'omna lua dicipuli, inkluzante me, konocis ke lu povus ocidar la omna raskali
ibe per sua feroca manu'frapi quik inter kelka sekundi, nur se lu vere voleskus.
Tamen la mastro ne volis. Forsan ja en ta tempo lu sucesis facar su ipsa ye tote
vakua avan irga personi (mem raskali).
Kande uli a me vendis disputi, me par'batis li segun mea granda iraco e deziro.
Ta'kaze mea mastro, nu des'estimante regardis me, e dicis ke me esas ma stulta
poltrono. Kande me ri'memorigis da me la ceno, me devis agnoskar ke me esas tre
stulta. Kande onu esas vera poltrono, lu multe deziras stulte pruvar ke lu tote
ne esas tala, quankam fakte lu esas tala ad'vere.
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