PREFIXES
anti-: contra-: against, counter, opposing. Used only in a few scientific
terms : anti-bakterio, bactericide ; anti-vermo, vermifuge.
Ordinarily the preposition "kontre" is used instead of and in the same
sense as anti- : kontre-Juda, (kontre-Yuda*) anti-semitic ; kontre-skorbuta,
anti-scorbutic. The use of anti- therefore should be confined strictly to
cases where the prefix has been definitely approved by the scientific and
technical committees.
arki-: arch-, of eminent degree, chief. Used especially in titles :
arki-duk(ul)o, archduke; arki-episkopo, archbishop.
bo-: indicates relationship by marriage, as :
bo-patrulo, father-in-law; bo-fratino, sister-in-law.
bi-: two-, Used in scientific terms, as :
bi-kapa, bicephalous ; bi-loba, bilobate.
The numeral "du" can be used to express the same idea:
du-kapa, two-headed, bicephalous.
Note : Mono-: quadri-: quinqua-, sexa-. septua-. okto-, nona- are likewise
prefixes often used with technical terms.
des-: (as found in the English words : destruct, destroy) denoting the direct
opposite of the idea to which it is prefixed, as :
des-agreabla, disagreeable; des-charjar, to unload;
des-equilibr-igar, to unbalance; des-bel-igar, to disfigure.
Note : For the difference between des- and ne- see note under ne- in the dic-
tionary. It should have been added that in distinction from ne-, which ex-
presses simple negation, sen- expresses the idea of privation or lack, as :
sen-denta, without teeth; sen-hara, hairless.
dis-: denotes separation or dispersion; apart, asunder:
dis-part-igar, or dis-pec-igar, to dismember; dis-pozar, to dispose, lay out
dis-ruptar, to disrupt; dis-donar, to distribute (promiscuously).
Used with verbal roots.
elk*-: e-. electric. As in elk*-letro, e-mail
'e-', kom prefixo por komunikado komputorala, semblas tro mikra,
tro des'facile audebla kompare kun la Angla e-[i:].
Onu ne facile mis'audas elk*- per telefono, kad Yes? Tamen en kazo di "e-",
pos ke onu recevabas suficanta "e-e"xperienco del "e-e"dukado, lu komencas
"e-a"fero (e-business), "e-k"omercante_"e-v"ari per "e-l"etri kun klienti.
ek- {prep}: out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of),
out from, (US) out (forth from), of (made of)
el portis ol ek la chambro : she carried it out of (US: out) the room
irar ek la domo : go out of (US: out) the house
sis ek dek : six out of ten
vazo ek oro : gold vase
ek'irar = to go out, get out, walk out
ek'apareskar = to appear to be, to turn out to be
Ek'apareskabas ke ni lernis en la sama skolo.
ex-: ex-, late, former, retired. Indicates one who formerly held a position :
ex-prezidanto, ex-president; ex-oficiro, a former officer.
gala-: gala-. This is properly an adjective but is used in a few instances as
the first element of a composed word:
gala-festo, gala festival; gala-robe, a gala robe.
ge-: denotes both sexes taken together : ge-patri, father and mother, parents;
ge-siori, Mr. and Mrs-, ladies and gentlemen.
Note: This prefix is to be used only when it is desired to emphasize the pre-
sence of both sexes. In direct derivation (simple endings in -ar, -o, -a),
substantives in general denote undetermined sex, therefore, simple "patri"
translates the idea of parents, and "siori" that of ladies and gentlemen.
In modern standard Ido "ge-patri" has been substituted with "genitori".
mi-: half; partly, semi-, demi-, in the sense of less than is usual, full and
normal:
mi-cirklo, half-circle; ml-horo, half an hour; mi-fratulo, hall-brother;
mi-lumo, half-light, twilight; mi-ombre, half-shade, partial shadow;
ml-mortinta : half-dead (cf. quaz-a, -e); mi-mond-umo : demi-monde.
neben*-: vice-. Indicates one who would act in the place of an authentic
person in the position in case of emergency.
neben*-prezidanto, vice-president, vice-chairman
mis-: denotes erroneous, wrong action; used with verbal roots:
mis-komprenar, to misunderstand; mis-pronuncar, to mispronounce;
mis-prezentar, to misrepresent; mis-uzo, misuse.
ne-: (adv. used as prefix) not, non-, un-, in-, im-, ir- :
ne-savar, to be ignorant of; ne-posibla, impossible ;
ne-populara, unpopular; ne-responsiva, irresponsible; (cf. des-).
par-: (used especially with verbal roots) denoting perfection or thorough com-
pletion of an action:
par-lernar, to learn thoroughly; par-plugar, to plow thoroughly;
par-lektar, to read thoroughly or through to the very end;
par-facer, to do thoroughly, to complete;
par-irar, to go (through) to the end.
para-: (with substantive roots) denoting protection against, something to
ward off :
para-fairo, a screen or protection against fire, a fire-guard;
para-fulmino, some sort of a protection against lightning, a lightning
conductor; para-pluvo, a protection against rain, an umbrella;
para-vento, a wind-shield.
pra-: pra-, before ; replaces the preposition "ante" in composed words:
pre-datizar, to antedate; pre-destinar, to predestine;
pre-dicar, to predict; pre-hiere, (on the) day before yesterday ;
pre-avino, great-grandmother.
pseudo*-: pseudo, false, counterfeit, as in English. A rarely used prefix.
quadri-: quadri-, quadru-: quad- ; four ; used chiefly in scientific words:
quadri-latera, quadrilateral; quadri-peda : quadruped.
retro-: (with verbal roots) retro-, backtward), inverse action :
retro-agar, to retroact; retro-irar, to go back(ward).
ri-: (with verbal roots) re-, back (to an original or former state or position)
again (in the sense of repetition or restoration) ;
ri-elektar, to re-elect ; ri-enirar, to re-enter;
ri-donar, to give back (again); ri-facar, to do over again, remake;
ri-dicar, to say again, repeat.
sen-: -less, without, free from : Indicates absence, lack, privation,
destitution :
sen-kapa, headless ; sen-kulpa, guiltless ;
sen-arma, without arms, weapon-less; sen-denta, toothless;
stif(a): step-: Indicates that the person spoken of is a relative only through
the second marriage of a parent and is not a relative by blood:
stif(a)-filiino, step-daughter stif(a)-matro, step-mothtr.
Note : The prepositions en, ek, for, kun, inter, de, etc. are also used as
prefixes, as: en-irar, ek-irar, also some original adverbs, as:
plu-alt-igar, plu-bel-igar
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