Pro ke BYT ne afordis facar Apendico-33 dum longa tempo pro manko di tempo, Sro
Oussama ALAMEDDINE kompletigis olu vice BYT. Me sincere dankas (a) lu por multa
komencanti di Ido. Ma se irgu trovos kelka erori, co mustos esar ya mea kulpo e
do me korektigos oli segun lua konsili. Yen mea elk*-adreso por sendar l'erori:
bebson@nifty.com
Ye 2006/Jan/01 Prfo PARTAKA korektigis kelka erori. Multa danki.
SUFFIXES:----------------------------------------------------------------------
-ach-: imparts a pejorative (contemptuous,, disparaging) sense to the composed
word: hund-acho, cur; infant-acho, brat; medik-acho, quack;
parol-ach-ar, to jabber, prate; rid-(et)-achar, to giggle ;
dolc-acha, sickly sweet, mawkish.
-ad-: added to verbal roots to denote the repetition or continuation of the
act : parol-adar, to speak (at length); salt-adar, to keep jumping.
Note: The following examples show the distinction between -ado and -o:
pafar, to shoot; pafo a single shot; paf-ado signifies a repeated discharge,
a volley; from fraper, to strike, we get frap-o, a single blow; frap-ado,
a beating.
-ag-: (the root of the verb ag-ar, to do, act) used with the names of instru-
ments and the like to indicate the action done with the instrument:
martel-agar, to hammer; buton-agar, to button;
kanon-agar (or pafar), to shoot a cannon; manu-agar, to handle;
kruc-agar, to crucify.
Note: This suffix is necessary because if such word were verbalized by direct
derivation (using simply -ar), the substantive inversely derived from the
verb would logically refer to the act, not the instrument (to the hammering,
buttoning, not to the hammer(s), button(s). By using the separate suffix
(-ag-), the substantive of the act is martel-ag(ad)o, buton-ag(ad)o, and the
primitive words: martelo, butono refer to the instruments.
-aj-: with nouns and adjectives: it denotees an object possessing the quality
of, or made out of, the material expressed by the original word: mol-ajo, a
soft material or object; bel-ajo, a beautiful object; lign-ajo, something
made of wood, woodwork. It may also denote an act: amik-al-ajo, an act of
friendship ; infant-al-ajo, a childish act. With transitive or mixed verbs,
it has a passive sense, referring to the object, and being identical with
-ata- or -ita-: send-ajo, (send-ata, send-ita), something sent; chanj-ajo
(chanj-ato, chanj-ita), something (which is) changed; manj-ajo, something
eaten ; (cf. -ur). With intransitive verbs: it has an active sense and is
equivalent to -anta-: rept-ajo, something which creeps (rept-ero is a prefer-
able form); exist-ajo, something existing.
Note (1) : With transitive verbs the active sense is ordinarily expressed by
-iv-, as : garnis-ar (tr.) to garnish, embellish; garnis-ivo is then some-
thing which embellishes; garnis-ajo would refer to the object embellished ;
orn-ivo is something which ornaments, an ornament; orn-ajo, would refer to
something (which is) ornamented, not the ornament itself.
Note (2) : In this connection it may be said that the suffixes -iv- and -em-
have essentially an active sense; while -ebl-, -ind-, -end-, have an essenti-
ally passive meaning.
-al-: With nouns, it denotes: relating to,, pertaining to, appropriate to:
autun-o, autumn; autun-ala, autumnal; rej-o, king, queen; rej-ala, royal;
nacion-ala, national; sexu-ala, sexual. It is frequently equivalent to the
genitive : aquo di river-o = river-ala aquo. As a practical rule: an adject-
ive in -ala is appropriate wherever it can be replaced by the genitive of
the substantive it is derived from: riverala = di rivero.
Note (1): -al- should not be appended to proper names to form adjectives;
dramati da Shakespeare, Shakespearean dramas. The use of -al would signify
dramas relating to or analogous to those of Shakespeare.
Note (2) : Difference of meaning and use between -a and -ala: -a is the pri-
mary grammatical final of the great class of words which fundamentally ex-
press quality: blu-a, simpl-a, facil-a. It carries the signification of:
which is …, who is …; consequently, blu-a, (which is) blue; simpl-a, (what
is) simple; facil-a ago, an act which is easy. Added to nominal roots denot-
ing a substance it has the same meaning: marmor-a statuo, a statue made of
marble, which is marble; or-a vazo, a (made of) gold vase;
aqu-a voyo, a water-way (a way composed of water). The suffix -ala is the
ordinary adjectival termination appended to that large class of roots which
are nouns in their fundamental significance. It expresses the idea: pertain-
ing to, relative to, as we find it used in thousands of English words.
(except where the adjective is used to denote a substance out of which a
thing is made, composed of, as in marmor-a, or-a, aqu-a). We therefore say:
puer-ala ago, a childish act, an act appropriate or suitable to a child, (not
puer-a ago, which could only logically signify: an act which is a child!!);
aqu-ala ludi, water sports, sports relating to, pertaining to water (not
aqu-a ludi, which could only mean: sports made of water!!). nacion-ala legi,
national laws, (nacion-a legi can only mean: laws which are a nation!!); on
the other hand, an aqu-a voyo, a water-way (as a canal), widely differs from
an aqu-oza voyo, a way (road) full of water (puddles). It is to be noted that
where there is a composed word, such as: internacion-a, the adjective form is
always in -a, not -ala: the idea being that the first part of the composed
word (inter-) sufficiently indicates the relationship. Also after roots com-
pounded with sen- the -a is always used, not -ala, -oza,: sen-esper-a, hope-
less, not sen-esper-oza !; sen-viva korpo, a lifeless body.
-an-: denotes a member, inhabitant, partissan, adherent, as: senat-ano, senator;
vilaj-ano, villager; eklezi-ano, a church member.
-ar-: denotes a collection, group, set (off objects or beings).
It is to be generally understood as referring to the most extensive collect-
ive; hom-aro means humanity, not a group of persons; (cf. Talmey's Text Book,
p. 42). However, this suffix is quite frequently found to be used vaguely for
any group of persons or collection of objects.
-ari-: indicating the object of an action,, the recipient of an action or one
upon whom a right, especially legal, is conferred. In many cases, it corres-
ponds to the English suffix -ee: pag-ario, payee ; grant-ario, grantee;
don-ario, donee.
-atr-: like (-ish); of the nature of, or hhaving nearly the same appearance,
qualities or characteristics; similar: flava, yellow; flav-atra, yellowish;
sponj-o, sponge: sponj-atra, spongy; metal-atra, metallic; used ordinarily
with non-verbal roots, and referring to things, not persons (cf. -em-).
Note : The root simil- is used in the same sense as -atr-.
The golden era of jazz.: L'epoko or-atra di jazo. L'epoko or-simila di jazo.
-e-: colored, having the color of: or-o, ggold; or-ea: golden; lakt-o, milk;
lakt-ea : milk-colored; sang-o, blood; sang-ea: blood-colored; (sango-koloro:
blood-color).
-ebl-: like -able, -ible; added to transittive verbal roots to express possibi-
lity. It has an essentially passive sense (cf. -iv-): vid-ar, to see; vid-
ebla, visible; rupt-ar, to break; rupt-ebla, breakable; kred-ebla, credible.
-ed-: contents of; (-ful); denotes the quaantity which fills something or (with
verbal roots) the quantity determined by the nature of the act: glas-o, a
glass; glas-edo, a glassful; manu-o, a hand; manu-edo, a handful; glut-ar, to
swallow, glut-edo, a swallow (quantity determined by the act of swallowing);
pinch-ar, to pinch; pinch-edo, a pinch, a nip (quantity determined by the act
of pinching or grasping with finger tips.
-eg-: denoting augmentation, intensity, a higher or extreme degree: pluv-o,
rain; pluv-ego, a downpour or torrent of rain; varm-a, warm; varm-ega, hot;
grand-ega, immense, very big. It is possible to use this suffix also with
verbal roots. manj-eg-ar = to hugely eat, to devour
The students burst into laughter. La studenti rid-eg-eskis.
-em-: joined especially to verbal roots siignifies: (persons) inclined to;
disposition, bent: atak-ar, to attack; atak-ema, agressive; babil-ar,
to chatter; babil-ema, talkative, gossipy; labor-ar, to work; labor-ema,
industrious; (cf. -atr-).
-end-: used to form adjectives from verball roots; has an essentially passive
sense ; indicating something to be or which must be done: kred-ar, to belie-
ve, kred-enda, (something) which must be believed; pag-ar, to pay; pag-enda,
something which must be paid; solv-ar, to solve; solv-enda, something which
must be solved; (cf. note under -ind-).
-er-: denotes a person occupied in a custoomary, though not professional activ-
ity or occupation: fum-ar, to smoke, fum-ero, smoker, (one who habitually
smokes); dans-ero, dancer (but not a professional); fotograf-ero, an amateur
photographer. This suffix is also used for animals (or even things) to denote
a characteristic action: rept-ar, to crawl; rept-ero, a reptile (cf. -ajo
with intransitive verbs); rod-ar, to gnaw; rod-ero, a rodent; klim-ar, to
climb; klim-ero, climber (a plant, for instance, which has a tendency to
climb).
Note: It differs from the present participle in that -ero refers to an habi-
tual act, while -anto indicates a person performing a mere act at the present
time. dans-anto is simply a person now dancing (possibly one who never danced
before); dans-ero, refers to a person accustomed to dance (though not profe-
ssionally); (cf. -ist).
-eri-: denotes an establishment, especiallly industrial: imprim-erio, a printing
establishment; distil-erio, a distillery; lakt-erio, a dairy; chapel-erio, a
hat factory ; (cf. note under -ey-).
-es-: corresponds to the English suffixes -ion, -ness, -ity, -ship, etc.; used
abstractly; denoting with non-verbal roots a state or quality: infant-o, a
child; infant-eso, infancy, childhood, childishness; malad-a, sick; malad-
eso, sickness ; bel-eso, beauty; qual-eso, quality; vir-eso, manliness, viri-
lity. With verbal roots, it denotes a passive state: exhaust-ar, to exhaust;
exhaust-eso, exhaustion (state of being exhausted); expans-ar, to expand; ex-
pans-eso, expansion.
Note: This suffix is the root of the verb es-ar (to be)
-esk-: forms intransitive verbs denoting: to begin to, become, start, get, come
to be: dorm-ar, to sleep; dorm-eskar, to fall asleep; irac-eskar, to fly into
a rage, begin to be mad; pal-a, pale; pal-eskar, to turn pale; rich-a, rich;
rich-eskar, to get, become rich. petr-o, stone;
petr-eskar, to become a stone.
-estr-: head of, chief of: urb-o, city; urrb-estro, mayor; nav-o, ship;
nav-estro, captain.
-et-: forms diminutives or indicates a smaaller degree or qualitative change:
mont-o, mountain; mont-eto, hill; river-o, river; river-eto, a brook; bel-a,
beautiful; bel-eta, pretty; varm-a, warm; varm-eta, lukewarm; rid-ar, to
laugh, rid-etar, to smile; dorm-etar, to sleep a little, take a nap. It is
also used as an affectionate diminutive: patrul-eto, daddy; patrin-eto,
little mother, dear mother.
-ey-: denotes the place of (or for) the acction or object characterized by the
root (generally a room or building): kaval-o, horse, kaval-eyo, place for a
horse or horses, a stable; koqu-ar, to cook; koqu-eyo, a place for cooking,
a kitchen; manj-ar, to eat; manj-eyo, a place for eating, a dining room.
Note: This suffix can be sufficiently distinguished from -eri by the follow-
ing examples : lav-ar, to wash; lav-eyo, is a place for washing, a wash-room;
lav-erio, is a washing establishment, a laundry; manj-eyo is simply a place
to eat; manj-erio is an eating establishment: a restaurant; (cf. note under
-i-).
-i-: denotes a domain, province, country, depending upon the authority of the
person involved: rej-o, king, queen; rej-io, kingdom; duk-o, duke, duchess;
duk-io, a duchy; episkop-io, diocese; parok-io, parish.
Note: With the suffix -ey-, instead of -i-, the above words would refer to
residences, palaces, castles: duk-eyo, a ducal palace; episkop-eyo, residence
of a bishop. rej-eyo, royal palace.
-id-: denotes offspring, descendant: izraeel-ido, an Israelite; rej-ido, the of-
fspring of a king ; Napoleon-ido, a descendant of Napoleon. This suffix ref-
ers only to offspring of persons. For progeny other than of persons, -yun- is
used: bov-yuno, a veal; kaval-yuno, a foal; (cf. -yun-).
-ier-: with persons, it denotes an individdual characterized by a certain attri-
bute, object or peculiarity: kuras-o, cuirass, armor; kuras-iero, armor-clad-
person; rent-o, annuity, rent-iero, annuity-holder, annuitant, person of in-
dependent means. -ier- can also designate a tree or plant which bears, prod-
uces: pom-o, an apple, pom-iero, an apple tree; roz-o, a rose; roz-iero, a
rose bush. With things, it denotes a holder, stand, etc. into which the ob-
ject is appropriately put: sigar-o, cigar; sigar-iero, a cigar-holder;
plum-iero, a pen-holder; kandel-iero, a candlestick.
Note: This last use of the suffix is somewhat similar to the use of -uyo, but
-uyo refers to a case, box, chest, sheath: sigar-uyo, a cigar box; plum-uyo,
a box for pens; kandel-uyo, a receptacle for candles.
-if-: added to nominal roots to form intraansitive verbs denoting: to generate,
produce, secrete : sang-o, blood; sang-ifar, to bleed, to loose blood; urin-
ifar, to secrete urine, to urinate; sudor-o, perspiration; sudor-ifar, to
perspire; pom-ifar, to bear apples; flor-ifar, to flower. This suffix is par-
ticularly useful to indicate the manufacture, making of tools and other art-
icles: martel-o, a hammer; martel-ifar, to make, manufacture hammers (to ham-
mer something is expressed by martel-agar); martel-if-isto, a hammer maker.
-ig-: added to adjectives and nouns to forrm verbs with a transitive sense, de-
noting: to make, render, transform into: petr-o, a stone; petr-igar, to petr-
ify; fil-o, a thread, fil-igar, to transform (something) into thread; bel-a,
beautiful; bel-igar, to beautify; rekt-a, straight, rekt-igar, to straighten;
larj-a, broad; larj-igar, to broaden.
Note 1: This suffix is also used as an independent verb meaning : to make, to
render, to cause: (igar richa = rich-igar = to enrich). With intransitive
verbs, it gives an active sense (= ig-ar xxx-anta), thus transforming them
into transitive verbs: dorm-ar, to sleep ; dorm-igar, to put (someone) to
sleep (= ig-ar dorm-anta); pac-ar, to be at peace; pac-igar, to pacify;
mort-ar, to die; mort-igar, to cause to die, put to death. With transitive
verbs, it has a passive sense (= ig-ar xxx-ata), usually followed by the pre-
position da; skrib-igar = igar skribata. Examples of this use can be found in
the dictionary under da and ig-ar (cf. Talmoy's Text Book, pp. 48, 49 and
note 21).
Note 2: The use of -igar with da and transitive verbs is in many cases some-
what difficult for English speakers. The author recommends the more direct
constructions: me igas Robert skribar letro = I let Robert write a letter,
(instead of: me skribigas letro da Robert = me igas letro skribata da Robert
= I let a letter be written by Robert).
-ik-: means "sick of", "suffering from"; rrefers to a person having the disease,
not the disease itself: artrit-o, arthritis; artrit-iko, an arthritic; alko-
hol-iko, an alcoholic patient. tuberklos-o, tuberculosis; tuberklos-iko, a
tubercular patient.
Note: In such cases, the suffix -ala would be an adjective referring to the
disease, not to the person who has it: artrit-o, arthritis; artrit-ala dolo-
ro, arthritic pain.
-il-: added to verbal roots, it denotes thhe instrument, the tool or the means
of performing an action: bros-ar, to brush; bros-ilo, a brush; paf-ar, to
shoot; paf-ilo, a shooting instrument, as a gun ; telegraf-ilo: a telegraph-
ing instrument; bar-ar, to barr; bar-ilo, a barrier.
Note : In cases where there are many kinds of instruments to perform a cert-
ain action, more appropriate words should be used, if possible, in place of
-il-, which carries a general meaning: skrib-ilo may refer to any kind of
writing instruments: pen, pencil, typewriter, etc..; therefore it is ordin-
arily desirable to use in place of -il-, the words: plumo, krayono, skrib-
mashino; tranch-ilo (tranch-ar = to cut) may refer to any cutting instrument,
therefore kultelo should be used when a knife is meant. Use fusil-o in place
of paf-ilo when a gun is meant.
-in-: signifies an individual of the femalle sex : frat-o, brother or sister;
frat-ino, sister; spoz-ino, wife; bov-ino, cow.
-ind-: with verbal roots, creates adjectivves which signify: deserving to be,
worthy of, meriting: laud-ar, to praise; laud-inda, praiseworthy, laudable;
respekt-inda, respectable, deserving of respect.
Note : This suffix clearly differs from -end- : libro lekt-inda, a book worth
reading; libro lekt-enda, a book which must be read ; Carthago destrukt-inda,
Carthage is worthy of destruction; Carthage destrukt-enda, Carthage must be
destroyed. The first indicates an opinion, the second, an intention, a reso-
lution.
-ism-: denotes a system, doctrine, cult: ssocial-ismo, socialism; imperial-ismo,
imperialism; Katolik-ismo, Catholicism.
* kelka'tempe "easy upload" en Yahoo! ne funcionas bone, hike soccial-lismo
kompreneble mustas esar social-ismo.
-ist-: denotes a person engaged permanentlly in some occupation, profession:
botanik-isto, botanist; pord-isto, doorkeeper; dent-isto, dentist; kant-isto,
a professional singer; (cf. -er-). By extension, -ista, -isto refers to the
adherent of a party, system, doctrine: social-isto, socialist.
Note: A merchant may be distinguished from a producer by using xxx-vend-isto
for the former and xxx-if-isto for the latter: mobl-o, furniture; moblo-vend-
isto, a dealer in furniture; mobl-if-isto, a furniture maker.
-iv-: added to verbal roots; has essentiallly an active signification: capable
of, that can (do): instrukt-ar, to instruct; instrukt-iva, instructive; sug-
est-ar, to suggest; sugest-iva, suggestive; konvink-ar, to convince; konvink-
iva, convincing. The substantive of this suffix is particularly useful in
technical terms: atrakt-ar, to attract; atrakt-iva, -ivo, attractive; nutrar,
to nourish; nutr-iva, -ivo, nutritive ; kondukt-iv-eso, conductibility.
Note: This suffix differs from -anta in that -iva denotes a permanent state,
-anta, a temporary condition. -iva signifies what has naturally and essent-
ially the basic property indicated by the verbal root. For example, a sub-
stance which accidentally causes purging is not necessarily a purgative by
nature (purg-iv-a, -o), but only purg-anta for the time being. A text-book
can be said to be instrukt-iva even though no one studies it, but it cannot
be said to be instrukt-anta unless someone is reading it.
-iz-: added especially to substantive rootts to form transitive verbs signify-
ing: to cover with, supply with, furnish with, provide with, ornament with:
oro, gold; or-izar, to cover (something) with gold, to gold-plate; arm-o,
weapon, arm; arm-izar, to arm, “to weaponize”; kron-o, a crown; kron-izar,
to crown (somebody).
Note: The comparative use of -ifar, -igar, -izar, -eskar, may be seen in the
following examples : burjon-o, a bud; burjon-ifar = to produce buds, to bud;
burjon-izar = to cover something with buds; burjon-igar = to cause something
to bud; burjon-eskar = to become a bud. sal-o, salt; sal-ifar, to produce
salt. We salt (sal-izas), or butter (butr-izas) our bread to give it the pro-
per relish, and we salt (sal-izas, put salt on) our fish to preserve them.
From the intransitive verb sid-ar, be seated, we derive the transitive verb
sid-igar, to seat, cause some one to sit down, and sid-eskar, to take one's
seat, (start) to sit down. The suffixes -izar, -igar have a transitive sense;
-eskar has an intransitive sense.
-oz-: defines adjectives denoting: full off, containing, ornamented with, having
in itself: por-o, a pore; por-oza, porous; por-oz-eso, porosity (state);
kuraj-o, the courage; kuraj-oza, courageous; joy-o, the joy; joy-oza, joyous.
Note : The difference between -a and -oza: aqua voyo, a water-way, (a way
which is water, as a canal), aqu-oza voyo, a road full of water (puddles,
etc.) ; (cf. note under -al-).
-ul-: denotes the male sex: patr-ulo, fathher; spoz-ulo, husband; kaval-ulo,
stallion; kat-ulo, tomcat. (cf. -in-).
Note : This suffix is sometimes omitted for euphony when the sex of the sub-
stantive is made clear by the context. For example, abad-ulo (a monk) may be
smoothened to abado in a text where there is no mistaking in the meaning.
Strictly speaking, however, abado carries with it no sex distinction.
-um-: is used with a few roots to form derrivative meanings which the other suf-
fixes cannot logically express. It is analogous to the use of ye among the
prepositions. Meanings must be looked up in the dictionary. It is not to be
used arbitrarily, but only for derivatives authorized by the Idist Academy.
Examples: kolo, a neck; kol-umo, collar; kruco, a cross; kruc-um-ar, to cross
(roads, etc.); folio, a leaf, a page; foli-um-ar, to turn the leaves of (a
book, etc.); formik-o, an ant; formik-umar, to swarm, to team.
-un-: sometimes used as a suffix to denotee one individual unit of a substance
which naturally consists of many such units. sabl-o, sand; sabl-uno, a grain
of sand; grel-o, hail; grel-uno, a hailstone.
Note : grano, a grain, is preferable to -uno in expressing one individual
unit of corn; rye, wheat: sekal-o, rye; sekal-grano, grain of rye. Maiz-o,
corn; maizo-grano, grain of corn; frument-o, wheat; frumento-grano, a grain
of wheat. When a substance has no natural units, -uno is not appropriate and
instead of it use words like peco (a piece), floko (a flake), parto, (a part)
, parteto (a small part), etc.: nivo- floko, a snow flake, sukro-peco, piece
of sugar. (Talmey, Text Book, p. 50).
-ur-: joined to verbal roots to distinguissh the result, or product of an act,
from the act itself: pikt-uro, a picture (as distinguished from the act of
painting, pikt-o, -ado) ; imprim-uro, the print (imprim-ado indicates only
the act of printing) ; apert-ar, to open; apert-uro, an opening; fend-ar, to
split; fend-uro, a split, (the result of splitting).
Note: In many cases there is no real distinction between the act and its
result, therefore the termination in -o is sufficient in those cases: la
abandono di navo, the abandonment of a ship (abandonar = to abandon, navo =
ship). Sometimes this signification can as well, or even better, be expressed
by using -aj- : dic-ar, to say; dic-ajo, what is said or was said; donac-ar,
to give a gift, to donate; donac-o, the act of donating a gift; donac-ajo,
what is given, a gift (cf. donac-ata, donac-ita). There exists, however, many
cases where the result or product of the act is not identical with the pass-
ive object of the act and therefore -uro must be used: imit-ar, to imitate;
imit-ajo is the thing imitated (the passive object of the act, cf. imit-ata,
imit-ita) ; imit-uro is then the imitation made from the object imitated (it
is the product of the act); kopi-ar, to copy; kopi-uro, the copy, is made
from the kopi-ajo, the original object copied; traduk-ar = to translate;
traduk-uro, a translation, is certainly different from traduk-ajo, which is
the text from which it was translated. -ajo indicates either something poss-
essing the property given by the original root (mol-a, soft; mol-ajo: some-
thing soft; bel-ajo: something beautiful, cf. note under -aj-) or refers to
something existing prior to the act (as manj-ajo: food). -ur- implies the
production of something which, until the act, had no existence, as imprim-
uro: the printed text (imprim-ajo would refer to the text used to make the
imprint).
-uy-: with nominal roots denotes a receptaacle (ordinarily a case, sheath, box,
chest): monet-o, money; monet-uyo, a purse; ink-uyo, an inkwell; sup-uyo, a
soup tureen; violin-uyo, a violin case; sigar-uyo, a cigar-box (not a cigar-
holder, which is: sigar-iero; cf. note under -iero).
-yun-: (taken from the independent root yuun-a: young) is used to indicate the
young of animals (cf. -id-): bovo, a bull / cow; bov-yuno, a calf; han-o, a
hen / rooster; han-yuno, pullet.
General Note : ----------------------------------------------------------------
Several affixes (prefixes and suffixes) may be added to one root to form new
words: medicin-o, a medicine; medicin-ist-acho, a quack; vid-ar, to see; ne-
pre-vid-ebl-eso, impossibility of being foreseen.
XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Sro Allan Rockett questionis:
Quale tradukesas la vorto 'mamuda' en la frazo " Kaze di dubito, elta plu mamuda"?
Me ne povas trovar ol en irga vortaro.
Kad irgu bonvole explikar a me? Me antedankas via respondi.
PARTAKA olim respondis a Sro Jean-Claude MARTIGNON pri co:
La formo "mamuda" signifikas "havanta granda mami".
Yen ke l' sufixo -ud- propozesis da Gonçalo Neves,
quankam, sive pro modesteso sive pro oblivio,
il ne inkluzis ol en sua Suplementa Ido-Lexiko;
tamen, nia nuna sekretario lingual, Tiberio Madonna,
prizentis ol en sua listo kontenanta entote 80 vorti e du sufixi:
*/ud/ - Sufixo qua aplikesas a nomal radiki ed indikas ento qua havas granda ...
(lo expresata da la radiko). Ca sufixo propozesis da Gonçalo Neves (Videz la
mesajo n. 2895 di "Linguolisto"). - Voluntez sendar via opinioni e voti.
Ta sufixo ne ja oficaligesis, ma, segun me, esus advere importanta
aprobar ol tam balde kam posibla pro lua naturaleso e produktiveso.
Do: "mamud/o/a", "dentud/o/a", "nazud/o/a", "ventrud/o/a",
"orelud/o/a", "bokud/o/a", "labiud/o/a", "kapud/o/a", edc.
"Kaze di dubito, (prenez) elta havanta plu granda mami" wink emoticon
Standez bone!
* * * * * * * *
p a r t a k a
* * * * * * * *
コメントをかく