初めてのイド語

==== Intermediate Lessons (13 - 20) ===========================================
**** Lesson 13 - Dek-e-triesma Leciono ****************************************

THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN :----------------------------------------------------
(this, these; that, those) is 'ita', shortened to 'ta', where euphony permits:
   Kad ita esas vua libro?  - Is this your book?
   Ta libri esas mea. - Those books are mine.

When quite necessary to distinguish between "this" and "that"
   use ica (or ca) for this, and ita (or ta) for that:
   Ica esas bona, ita esas mala. - This one is good, that one is bad.

When it means "this thing", "that thing", use 'to' (or 'ito', 'co', 'ico'):
   Quo esas to?  - What is this?
   Ico esas libro, ito esas plumo.
   This (thing) is a book, that (thing) is a pen.

"That which", "what" is translated as 'to quo'
   when used in the most general sense of "that thing or matter which".
   When some definite thing is referred to,
      use 'ta qua', "the one that", (plural: 'ti qui').
      To quon me dicas esas... - What I say is ...
      Yen omnaspeca frukti, prenez ti quin vu preferas. -
      Here are all kinds of fruit, take those you like best.

When distinction of gender is necessary,
   il-, el-, ol- may be prefixed to these or any other pronouns,
              except naturally the personal pronouns themselves:
   Ilti facis olu ed elti regardis,
   Those (men) did it, and these (women) looked on.

   La matro di mea amiko, elqua... - My friend's mother, who...
   La matro di mea amiko, ilqua... - The mother of my friend, who...

Exempli:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
They had two daughters who became nurses.
Li havis du filiini qui divenis flegistini.
   (Onu ne savas quanta filiinin li havis.)

They had two daughters, who became nurses.
Li havis du filiini ed eli divenis flegistini.
   (Onu savas ke li havis nur du filiini.)

I like Mary, who is kind. - Me prizas Mary, nam elu esas benigna.
Onu ne darfas dicar ke 'me prizas Mary qua esas benigna',
   nam (for) onu devus imaginar altra Mary qua ne esas benigna.

Who would you like to be in this drama? -> grammatically ->
Who would you like (him/her/yourself) to be in this drama?
Quan vu prizus ke vu esez en ca dramato? (yourself)
Quan vu prizus kom aktoro en ca dramato? (anybody)
Quan vu prizus vidar en ca dramato? (him/her)

Who do you think will be the next President of the United States?
Quan vu opinionas kom la nexta Prezidanto di USA?

It is hard to determine whom we will vote for in the next election.
Es nefacila determinar ta por qua ni votos en la venonta elekto.

It is hard to say who the members will decide is responsible for the job.
Es nefacila dicar ta, quan la membri decidos, qua responsos pri la laboro.

It is the man who I believe robbed the First National Bank.
Lu esas, segun mea kredo, la viro qua furtis la Unesma Nacionala Banko.

An executive of a large soap company who we understand did not wish to be
   quoted, announced a 50 percent rise in soap prices.
Administrero de granda kompanio di sapono, (*ilu) ne dezirante citesar
   segun nia savo, anuncis preco-augmento di 50 procento pri sapono.
   *ilu can be either included or excluded according to your taste.

POSSESSIVE:- Revizo -----------------------------------------------------------
Instead of whose, Ido uses of whom, of which, 'di qua':
   La autoro, pri la libro di qua me parolis. -
   The author whose book I spoke of
      (literally, the author concerning the book of whom I spoke).

The pronoun 'lo', just like 'co', 'to', 'quo',
   refers to an indeterminate object - to a fact rather than a thing:
   Prenez ica pomo, me volas lo.
   Take this apple, I desire it. = I desire you to do so;
      'me volas ol' would mean 'I desire it (the apple)'.
   Of course you can also say ... Prenez ica pomo, me volas "to".
   Take this apple, I desire "it". = I desire you to do so;
      but in a peculiar situation when there are two apples...
   Prenez ica pomo, me volas to... would mean.. (^_^)
   You take "this" apple, 'cause I wanna take "that" one.

'Lo' is also used with adjectives to mark the indeterminate sense:
   Lo bona, lo vera, lo bela,   cf. lo bueno in Spanish
   The Good, the True, the Beautiful.

   While in "lo bueno" in Spanish, oddly enough "lo" is an article,
      "lo" in Ido remains a pronoun.
   "lo bona" means the situation which is good, "lo quo esas/es bona", or
      an ideterminate object which is essentially good.

AFFIXES:----------------------------------------------------------------------
   para- (warding off): parasuno - parasol   parapluvo - umbrella
      paravento - wind-screen, windshield (US)

   par- (completion of action): parlektar - to peruse/ read through
      pardrinkar - to drink up   parkurar - to make the circuit of
      parlernar - to learn thoroughly

   -esk- (beginning of action): dormeskar - to fall asleep
      iraceskar - to grow angry   sideskar - to sit down
      With noun roots, -esk means to become, to turn:
      vireskar - to become a man
      Sometimes with adjectives: paleskar - to grow pale
      When added to the passive participle of a transitive verb,
         it has the same sense (to become): vidateskar - to become visible

   -ad- (repetition, frequency):
      dansar - to dance; danso - a dance; dansado - dancing.

   -ig- (with a verbal root, means "to cause to"):
      dormigar - to send to sleep; 
      with a non-verbal root, it means "to make, cause to be (such and such)":
      beligar - to make beautiful, to beautify.
   With transitive verbs, this has a passive sense (=igar -ata),
      usually followed by the preposition 'da'. The use of -igar with 'da' is
      in many cases somewhat difficult for English speakers. We recommend the
      more direct constructions: e.g. Me igas la spozino sendar mea letri...
      instead of "Me sendigas mea letri da la spozino."
      Me igas vu atencar ulo... instead of "Me atencigas ulo da vu."
      Me igas vu vidar ulo... instead of "Me vidigas ulo da vu."

   There is usually, however, a straightforward English equivalent
      for this construction: "to have _ done (by -)":
   Me sendigas mea letri da LA spozino. = I have my letter sent by MY wife.
   When in Ido the relationship is apparent, we use the definite article.

   -iz- (to cover, supply, provide with):
      armizar - to arm (provide with weapons)
      limitizar - to limit (fix a limit to)
      adresizar - to address (write address on)
      When necessary, the sense "coat, cover with" may be rendered clearer
          by prefixing sur (= on): surorizar - to gild/ plate with gold

   -if- (to produce, generate, secrete): florifar - to blossom
      sudorifar - to perspire   sangifar - to bleed/ lose blood

CONVERSATION:-----------------------------------------------------------------
I want to pack this up. - Me volas pakigar ico.
Give me some brown paper. - Donez a me pak-papero.
I want some string. - Me bezonas kordeto.
Have you any sealing wax? - Kad vu havas siglovaxo?
I can give you some paste. - Me povas donar a vu gluo.
That will do. - To konvenos.
Where is the pastebottle? - Ube esas la botelo de gluo?
Here it is. - Yen olu.
There is no brush in it. - Ne esas pinselo en ol.
Here is the brush. - Yen la pinselo.
Now I want a label. - Nun me deziras etiketo.
A gummed label. - Gumizita etiketo
I haven't a gummed one. - Me ne havas un gumizita.
Will this one do? - Kad ica konvenos?
Yes, thanks. - Yes, danko.

JASPER PAROLAS:--- kontoro - bureau ------------------------------------------
"Saluto! Me nomesas Jasper. Me habitas en Rotterdam, e me laboras en Leiden.
Me habitas en mikra, moderna domo. Me laboras en granda, anciena kontoro.
Me prizas vino e muziko. Me adoras bela mulieri, specale se li esas anke richa.
Me havas nova automobilo. Olu esas mikra, reda e rapida.
Mea familio esas sat granda. Me ipsa esas celiba (unmarried).
Me havas du fratini. Li nomesas Mieke ed Anja. Anja esas mariajita.
Me havas un fratulo. Ilu nomesas Bert. Bert laboras en Zaandam.
Me anke havas matro. Mea matro esas richa. Elu havas multa pekunio.
Me ipsa esas ofte povra. Me ofte havas nula pekunio.
Me ne havas patro. Ilu esas mortinta. Me iras nun. Til rivido!"

De certena lektolibro ---- Lektajo 06:----------------------------------------
L'infanto ploras. L'advokato (barrister) pledis (pleaded) por l'akuzato.
On vidas per l'okuli, ed on audas per l'oreli. To esas/es tre bon okaziono.
Il ne havas mult amiki. Me amas ta jentil infanti.
Januaro esas/es l'unesma monato dil yaro.
Li venas del (=de+la) vilajo ed iras al(a+la) urbo.
La stranjeri duktesas dal (=da+la) duktisto (conductor).

"Hike mea onklulo sendas a me cent franki ed ilu skribas:
   Til rivido! Ka to koncernas me o la pekunio?"

Instruktisto a dicipulo:
   "To esas skeleto di mamifero, di qua mamifero olu esas?"
Dicipulo:
   "Di mortinta bestio."   (skeleto - skeleton   mamifero - mammal)

Profesoro: "Ka vu povas dicar a me quo eventas kun barometro,
            se ni sidas kun olu en aerostato (balloon), e
            se ni acensas an/ad cirkume du kilometri en la aero"
Kandidato: "La barometro venas kun ni."

De certena lektolibro ---- Lektajo 07:-----------------------------------------
Bela, plu bela, maxim bela. Bona, plu bona, maxim bona.
Facila, min facila, minim facila. Kurta, min kurta, minim kurta.
Vu esas/es plu richa kam elu.
Ilu esas/es la maxim laborema (hard-working) de omni.
Ica persono esas/es min inteligenta kam fiera (proud).
Lu esas nur stulta (silly).
Li facas minim posibla bruiso (noise).
Ube vu esis hiere? Hiere me facis bel exkurso (excursion) kun mea amiko.
Ka tu ja respondis ad il? No, ne ja, ma me intencas skribar ad ilu balde.

Spozino: "Ube tu restis dum tante longa tempo hiere vespere?"
Spozulo: "Che mea bon amiko."
Spozino: "Ed ube restis tua bon amiko?"
Spozulo: "En la taverno (tavern, bar)."

Viro renkontris konocato e dicis ad ilu:
   "Hiere me vidis nia amiko Karlo, me preske ne'plus konocis ilu.
    Vu es magra, ed anke me es magra, ma ilu es plu magra kam ni du kune."


XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

I tried to send her flowers. 
Me probis sendar flori ad elu.

I tried sending her flowers.
Me probis sendir flori ad elu.

He never swam alone. He was afraid of getting cramps.
Ilu jame natis sole. Ilu timis ganor krampo.

He was afraid to dive into the sea. So he didn't dive.
Ilu timis plunjar aden la maro. Ilu do ne plunjis.

I wil always remember meeting you for the first time.
Me sempre memoros renkontir vu yel unesma foyo.

Remember to write to him, woun't you?
Memorez skribor letro ad ilu, ka No?

-- How to use "mustar" --------------------------------------------------------

Me mustis irar -- I had to go.
Me mustos irar -- I will have to go. I am not obliged to go now.
Me mustus irar -- I would have to go. In fact I don't expect to go there now.

Me mustas irar -- I have to go now.
Me mustas irir -- I should have gone then. I still have that fact in my head.
Me mustas iror -- I am (now) obliged to go (there) in the future.
Me mustas irur -- I have the obligation to go in case I am asked to do that.