Charlie Welch

Alice Cooper is best. my favorite band. Let's talk voter suppression and how it affects men For some reason this week, I have elections on my mind. British redditors register to vote here! Is America a democracy? If so, why does it deny millions the vote? I was reading this piece in the Guardian just now. It's a very good overview of the scope of the problem in the USA and the specific tactics used. Of course, people of ethnic minority and/or working class backgrounds are the hardest hit. The specific case that hits men hardest is felon disenfranchisement, which the Guardian describes as follows: Another approximately 4. 7 million Americans are prevented from voting at all. This is the number of convicted felons who have no right to vote, including those incarcerated for grave crimes such as homicide and rape but also encompassing charges including burglary and repeated driving under the influence. Forty-eight states have some form of felon disenfranchisement, but three states ? Iowa, Kentucky and Virginia ? disenfranchise people for life. The impacts are disproportionate: one in 13 African Americans have lost their right to vote as a result, compared with one in 56 non-black voters, according to the Sentencing Project. Jevon Gerrard Stevens, a 42-year-old water treatment plant operator for Miami-Dade county water and sewer department in Florida, was convicted of third-degree grand theft auto in 1998, which resulted in his jailing for three months. He hasn’t been able to vote for 21 years. I think we can agree that a lifetime ban on voting is an absurdly disproportionate punishment a petty crime committed decades ago. The Sentencing Project estimates the number of Americans affected at close to 6 million, close to 1 in 40 adults, a number which jumps to 1 in 13 when looking at just African Americans. So, why is this a men's issue? This is why. 1. The United States of America locks up an astonishing number of people, but it locks up men at a rate ten times higher than that of women. The numbers are absolutely astonishing. At this point, my thoughts are circling back to my home country. While we may not be doing as badly as the Americans, I think we owe it to ourselves to set the bar a little higher. In the United Kingdom, at present, prisoners cannot vote while serving their sentences 2, a state of affairs found to be in breach of the European Convention of Human Rights in 2005. As we approach our third general election in four years, the prison population in the United Kingdom is approximately 84, 000, over 95% of whom are men. Again, much like in the USA, these will be men from BAME and working class backgrounds, the same men who those in power don't want voting. That's some 80, 000 men who will not be allowed to vote. Download the official government statistics and see for yourself. I, for one, think that's fucking disgraceful. Full link here That is after conviction, prisoners on remand (i. e. awaiting trial) can vote in elections. So yesterday marked my 22nd birthday. The first birthday I've ever had that I feel was completely meaningless, which I guess means I'm officially an adult. However, because it was my birthday yesterday, it means that today is the 2 year anniversary of when I finally started caring about my health. It's also the day the first picture was taken. That's how I looked at my worst, 261lbs. I had been overweight most of my life, and obese since I was about 14, but my entire life I never saw myself as a fat person and kept pretending to myself that I was something different. August 22nd 2017 is the day I decided to make that dream into my reality. This is the story of how I overcame my depression, recovered from alcoholism, lost 106lbs, and found a purpose in my life. Pictures here, dates at bottom and explained throughout the post. Background I had messed around with diets on 2 previous occasions in my life. The first time was when I was in high school, I knew next to nothing about health or fitness and just took the basic steps that everyone knows they should do in order to lose weight. The common sense diet. I went from drinking around 2 litres of soda every day, and eating what now seems like it would have been at least 1500 calories of candy and chocolate every day on top of my regular meals, to not drinking any soda and limiting my "junk" food intake. I also made a more conscious decision to try and eat fruits and vegetables as well as lean meats. I lost a little weight but at the time I was too ashamed of myself to weigh in before or after. This attempt to lose weight lasted maybe a month, but some of the habits stuck. I learned how to cook, remained conscious of my junk food intake, and started eating vegetables. The second time, when i was 18 I had heard online about the idea of counting calories, but never knew apps existed to do this for you. I looked at the packaging of the food I was eating, wrote the calories into the notes on my phone and tried to exercise. I lifted weights with no structure, and used my elliptical machine for an hour maybe once a week. I lost 36lbs this way, then went on vacation and returned to my old habits while on that vacation. Once I returned home I was too ashamed of myself to weigh myself anymore. This attempt ended once the vacation did. The third time was a success. My dad and my sister had both been dieting for a few months before my birthday, losing around 30lbs each. I noticed they were both using myfitnesspal and heard my sister talk about how easy it was because it tracked the calories for you. In work later that day I decided to download it and check it out. I never liked the layout so I deleted it and downloaded a similar app called "loseit. " Still to this day 2 years later I use that app to track my food, once you've logged a few thousand foods it's hard to go back. Before this diet I was in the worst place I've ever been mentally, I had my heart broken by my girlfriend of 2 and a half years. She had mentally abused me, i felt like I was dependant on her but looking back I now realise she was a horrible influence on my life. Once she broke up with me I became an alcoholic. I used to struggle with depression (used to, more on this later) and after breaking up with her I started to drink, every single day. I was going into work drunk, eating their junk food twice a shift, leaving and drinking. I wanted to die but I saw myself as being too pussy to kill myself, I couldn't do that to my family. Drinking made me care less about how others would feel if I did, and i saw it as an easy way to actually kill myself. I drank every day for around 3 months, spending the entirety of my days looking forward to going home and killing a couple shots. I wasn't a functioning human being for those months. Eventually I met another girl and she pulled me out of this hole without even realising it. It felt like she was the first person I had met for years who actually cared about me. That girl was the best thing that ever happened to me, i couldn't act the way I had been around her, and I wanted to impress her by changing my life completely. She was the motivation for me to stop drinking, the motivation for me to start. Discipline is what kept me doing it after. The weight loss When I started this journey I knew it was different this time. I was determined I was going to do it properly. I spent my free time reading everything online about nutrition, trying to figure out what was waffle and what was real information, it was surprisingly difficult. When I was younger and had attempted to lose weight I tried to half ass the research and believed everything I read from a "post workout feeding window" to "your body can only digest 20g of protein at a time" and was too lazy to check if this information was actually real, but this time if I thought something was real I normally did follow up research. I started by just eating what I was already, just making sure I got the calories within my calorie goal, a 1000 calorie deficit. Slowly over time I made changes to my diet, eating more vegetables, caring about my protein intake, and gradually decreasing all the things that didn't benefit me. Food became fuel. I work in fast food, so to start with I was still eating burgers most days, this changed over time. Even though it was incredibly tempting to be around the fast food every day, one benefit it does bring is that it made sure I wasn't completely sedentary. Walking 40 hours a week isn't enough to be considered exercise, but for a 261lb man i couldn't survive a shift without breaking a sweat, and it definitely burnt a few hundred calories. On top of this, I slowly started to learn more about exercise. I went back to lifting weights with no real structure, and started to play golf every week with my dad. Golf as a fat person burns a surprising amount of calories, I averaged 9 holes of my course out to be around 500. I made a few mistake with this journey, I kept the deficit too high even when my weight was starting to get really low, I believed that there was no point in me lifting weights while losing weight because I wouldn't have been able to get stronger while in a deficit, and eventually stopped trying. The first mistake was just a fat man desperate to see his abs for the first time ever, the second was a mixture of my fat self being too lazy to work out, and my new self believing waffle without clarifying. I finished losing the weight on July 28th 2018, I maintained my weight for a few weeks then went on vacation to america for my 21st birthday. The second picture is taken on August 21st 2018, the day of my 21st birthday. 155lbs Once I got home I weighed myself every day for a week, noticed I hadn't gained even a quarter of a pound while on vacation, reassured myself I knew what I was doing and then decided to bulk up. The Bulk (So Far) As the weight loss neared a close I did a lot of research into bulking, I discovered r/fitness and decided that a lean bulk was the best approach for me, because the idea of putting fat on too quickly again was not appealing. The first programme I ran was this: It's basically a beginners dumbbell only PPL. I ran it twice, and then afterwards started to learn more about optimal training, and adding more exercises and more sets to it. I started out using only a pair of adjustable dumbbells, then a barbell, and now I own basically an entire home gym. (Located in my bedroom. Big bedroom. ) I started to learn more about how to target each muscle, rep ranges, volume of training, the basics of programming and slowly wrote my own PPL based on the equipment I had. My training was far from optimal, for a while the most weight i could put on the dumbbells was 15kg each so my rep ranges for a while were in the high 30s for some exercises. Eventually i bought more weight, and I'll continue to buy more as I get stronger. I also started to use my elliptical machine, and eventually got into running. After a while I was running 10 miles a day, as well as a half marathon at the weekend. I tore my calf because my mind was a hell of a lot stronger than my body, and had to stop. I tore it a further two times by trying to rush back to where I was too quickly, but eventually after the third tear I went to a physio, shes been rehabbing it and I've been slowly getting back into running for the last 3 weeks. This struggle with my calf has made me realise that sometimes I need to just relax, trust the process, and stop being so hard on myself all the time. So far I've put on around 26lbs, a little bit of this has been unnecessary fat gain because occasionally my former fat self would reappear for a day and I'd put down 8000 calories, yet my abs have always stuck around. I think the pressure of trying to be so hard on myself led to an unhealthy relationship with food. I've put a stop to this since, and my diet is the best its ever been with complete freedom to eat "junk" if ever I want, but i never really want to because i feel "clean" food makes me feel and function better. The third picture was taken today. 181lbs My current programme looks like this, I'm currently nursing a slight shoulder injury so my Push day isn't totally accurate to what im doing right now, but this is what I will be doing once its fully healed: Monday 4x8-12 Back Squat 3x8-12 Front Squat 4x8-16 RDL 3x12-20 Hamstring Curl 4x12-20 Hip Thrust 3x Calf Raises 3x Bent Leg Calf Raises Tuesday 5x6-12 OHP 5x6-12 Flat Bench 4x8-16 Incline DB press 8x12-25 Lateral Raise 4x12-20 Skull crusher 3x8-15 Chest Fly 4xAMRAP Ab Wheel Wednesday 3x8-15 Deadlift 5x8-16 Bent Over Row 4x8-20 Shrugs 4xAMRAP Pullup 3x8-12 Chest supported row 5x8-15 Hammer Curl 5x8-15 Dumbbell curl 5x8-20 Bent Over Flys 4x AMRAP Dragon Flags Thursday 4x8-12 Front Squat 3x8-12 Back Squat 4x12-20 Hamstring Curl 3x8-16 RDL 4x12-20 Hip Thrust 3x Leg Bent Calf Raise 3x Calf Raise Friday 5x8-15 Bench Press 5x8-15 OHP 4x6-12 Incline DB Press 8x12-25 Lateral Raise

Hi r/popheads! This is a guide meant for those wishing to improve their comprehension of the Billboard 200. Any corrections from those who are also familiar with the charts is welcome. As with the Billboard Hot 100, the Billboard 200 (BB200) has been going through some changes and has been experiencing some new trends as of late. With this comes people left behind, and with people left behind comes confusion. So, with this guide, I would like to explain the history and some of the inner workings of the Billboard 200. If you’re not interested in learning about the BB200 in depth including a few chart situations that resulted in new chart policies, then simply go straight to the “Recapitulation” section. What is the Billboard 200? (And more! ) A history The Billboard 200 is a record chart published weekly by American trade magazine Billboard; it ranks the most popular albums and EP’s of the week in the United States. It started 24 March 1956. The BB200 did not always exist in its current form; before the BB200 became the BB200, Billboard had already been publishing album charts in different forms and names. Before there was even a weekly chart, there was a precursor to the BB200’s precursors called Best-Selling Popular Record Albums, which had made its debut on 24 March 1945 (, p65). (In this time period, the definition of “album” was relatively loose; albums at this time were mostly just collections of singles instead of singles among album tracks. In fact, the first #1 and #2 were both compilation albums of singles. ) This chart was calculated by weekly survey samples of 200 record shops across the country that had sent in their ranked lists of their best-selling albums of the week. However, the Best-Selling Popular Record Albums chart was irregularly published; sometimes, nearly two months would pass before the next chart appeared. This was the norm until 24 March 1956, exactly 11 years after the debut of Best-Selling Popular Record Albums; the 10-position Best-Selling Pop Albums chart had debuted, using the same general methodology. Despite what the name may imply in today’s language, the chart ranked albums of all genres. The chart was released on a regular weekly schedule. The number of positions on the chart varied from 10 to 30. The name changed to Best-Selling Pop LP’s in 1957. On 25 May 1959, the chart then split into two: the 30-position Best-Selling Stereophonic LP’s and 50-position Best-Selling Monophonic LP’s charts (, page 45). The charts, as indicated by their names, ranked the best-selling stereo LP’s and the best-selling mono LP’s. The stereo chart and the mono charts used the same methodology as the precursor. After various name changes, in early 1961, the two charts became the 50-position Top LP’s?Stereo and the 150-position Top LP’s?Monaural charts. On 17 August 1963, the Top LP’s?Stereo and Top LP’s?Monaural charts were merged into a single, all-encompassing 150-position chart titled Top LP’s. By 13 May 1967, the chart expanded to the 200-position format we know today. In 1972, the chart’s name became Top LP’s & Tape; in 1984, it became Top 200 Albums; in 1985, Top Pop Albums (again, just like the precursor Best-Selling Pop Albums chart, this chart took into consideration albums of all genres; the “pop” in this case mostly just means “popular”); in 1991, Billboard 200 Top Albums; finally, in 1992, Billboard 200. I keep hearing about “catalogue albums”. What is “catalogue”? “Catalogue” refers to a definition of albums established by Billboard for the Billboard 200. The definition of “catalogue” and the numerous recurrence policies that Billboard has established has repeatedly changed throughout history. Starting 1960, Billboard had published Essential Inventory charts (this was when the chart was split between mono and stereo LP’s), which was essentially catalogue before catalogue. The criteria changed over time, but the first known criteria for an album to chart on the Essential Inventory charts were: Albums charted on Essential Inventory?Mono if they had charted for 40 weeks on the main mono chart. Albums charted on Essential Inventory?Stereo if they had charted for 20 weeks on the main stereo chart. Beginning in 1982, Billboard began publishing new album chart titled Midline LP’s, which ranked the best-selling mid-priced and older albums. (“Mid-price”/ “midline” at the time meant about US$5. 98, which is US$16. 01 in 2019. In other words, more albums with more budget-friendly price tags. ) On 25 May 1991, Billboard began the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart, which is when Billboard instated their current definition of a “catalogue” album. Because of the switch to SoundScan as the chart’s data provider (more on that later), Billboard introduced a new system where albums that are at least 18 months old would automatically be removed from the BB200 should they chart below #100. Once removed, they would be placed on the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart. On 5 December 2009, the exclusion of catalogue titles was lifted completely. As a result, Billboard created the Top Current Albums chart, which is a 100-position sales chart that still uses the previous catalogue title exclusion rule; the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart eventually became Catalog Albums, which is a 50-position sales chart ranking all albums at least 18 months of age that are charting below #100 on the Billboard 200. From 22 November 2003 to 28 November 2009, Billboard published Comprehensive Albums, which is essentially what we call the BB200 today. It forewent all catalogue exclusions. Like what was said in the previous paragraph, on 5 December 2009, the Comprehensive Albums chart was shut down and the BB200, through lifting all exclusions of catalogue titles, essentially became what Comprehensive Albums had been. Okay, so how did Nielsen SoundScan come into play for the Billboard 200? Nielsen SoundScan became the official data provider for the Billboard 200 on the chart dated 25 May 1991. Before this date, the Billboard 200 was calculated with the same general methodology; Billboard would survey record shops across the country for their ranked lists of their best-selling albums of the week, and then aggregate it. Of course, this method was very prone to manipulation by retailers and labels. It was common for retailers to simply remove albums from their best-sellers list if they were declining and thus deemed “on their way out”, even if albums would possibly later prove themselves to be stable sellers. The way SoundScan works is that by scanning barcodes, retailers can produce a computerised list of best-sellers by actual numbers of copies instead of ranked lists. In other words, for the first time, the BB200 was ranked by the actual piece-count of copies sold instead of ranked lists that provided no numbers of copies. Because SoundScan was such a young technology in 1991, extrapolations of copies sold based upon population of geographical regions were necessary. At the time of addition to the BB200, SoundScan had already been tracking 2000 retail locations, 4000 mass-merchandise locations, and 300 independent seller locations. This panel tracked 40% of all US sales at the time (, p119). (You can see why extrapolations were necessary at the time. ) As Nielsen SoundScan didn’t allow for retailers to remove albums from their lists because of being “on their way out”, it instead showed that quite a few older albums were consistent sellers for longer periods of time. Billboard believed that the BB200 should demonstrate more current titles than older titles, especially titles from developing acts. This is how the catalogue albums policy came into place; just to reiterate, albums at least 18 months of age would be removed from the BB200 once they charted below #100. As of 2019, SoundScan and its data is still in use by Billboard for the vast majority of their charts. Over the years, SoundScan has adapted its technology to consumer trends, eventually tracking digital activity. The BB200 reflects this in its current methodology. Cool. How did the chart update its methodology throughout the digital age? In 1999, according to data from the Recording Industry Association of America, album sales by volume peaked at 1. 1 billion albums. Since that year, the yearly total volume of albums sold has been on a near-consistent decrease. Since 2011, album sales by volume has decreased every year, from 240. 8 million albums to 118. 4 million albums in 2018. As a result of ever-decreasing album sales and changes in consumer behaviour, Billboard decided to create a new formula for the BB200. On 13 December 2014, Billboard introduced the album-equivalent unit formulas. At the start, the formula was 1500 streams = 1 streaming-equivalent album unit and 10 digital track sales = 1 track-equivalent album unit. These conversion rates were decided from relative value of each format; a digital song cost $1. 29, so $1. 29 times 10 is equal to $12. 90, which is about the price of an average album. This was the methodology until the charts dated 14 July 2019. Billboard then introduced two tiers for counting streaming: a paid streams tier and ad-supported streams tier. In other words, premium tier and free tier. In an effort to give formats with more value more say on the BB200, streaming from paid services was weighed higher than streaming from ad-supported services; paid streams were set at 1250 streams = 1 album, while free streams were set at 3750 streams = 1 album (). This didn’t have too much a big impact on the BB200 in the long run; music industry insider publication HITS Daily Double found out from streaming data that most albums would experience a 5-10% boost in first week units (); asides from that, there wasn’t much change. Billboard also announced in October 2018 that eventually, "later in 2019", they would split the paid tier further into two new tiers; limited paid tier and unlimited paid tier. As of Octo

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