Rick Borror

Deep Impact (1997. Watch the wave hd free. Christopher Nolan is my favorite Director hands down.

The Wave - Die Todeswelle Trailer Besetzung & Stab User-Kritiken Pressekritiken FILMSTARTS-Kritik Bilder VoD Blu-ray, DVD Musik Trivia Einspielergebnis Ähnliche Filme Nachrichten Durchschnitts-Wertung 3, 3 30 Wertungen - 7 Kritiken Verteilung von 7 Kritiken per note 1 Kritik 2 Kritiken 3 Kritiken 0 Kritik Deine Meinung zu The Wave - Die Todeswelle? 7 User-Kritiken Sortieren nach: Die hilfreichsten Kritiken Neueste Kritiken User mit den meisten Kritiken User mit den meisten Followern Wenn ein Roland Emmerich die Welt untergehen lässt, dann müssen in der Regel ganze Kontinentalplatten auseinanderreißen und von Lava überflutet werden, um seine früheren Filme zu überbieten. Damit werden diese Werke eher zu trivialen Kinospäßen, von denen wenig Substanz zurückbleibt. Aber es geht auch realistischer, wie es dieser Film beweist. Der Radius der Zerstörung bleibt zwar auf ein vergleichsweise kleines Gebiet beschränkt und die große Katastrophe ist nach wenigen nervenzerfetzenden Filmminuten wieder vorbei, doch die Bedrohung durch den unruhigen Berg ist gerade in der ersten Hälfte des Films deutlich spürbar. Vor allem, wenn Kristian und Kollegen in Felsspalten kriechen und Messgeräte untersuchen, wirkt jedes Knacken in der Felswand bereits derart beklemmend, dass der Zuschauer ahnt, dass das nicht gut gehen kann. Dazu gibt es immer wieder wunderbare Luftaufnahmen der atemberaubenden Landschaft rund um den echten Geirangerfjord, die neben aller Schönheit auch die Größenverhältnisse und damit die drohende Gefahr verdeutlichen. Optisch muss sich der Film schon mal vor keiner Konkurrenz verstecken. Klar, die Flutwelle und der einstürzende Berg sind erkennbar digital, verkommen aber nie zur alleinigen Hauptattraktion. Wenngleich die Effekte für einen europäischen Film sehr gut umgesetzt sind, ist es vor allem die Geschichte um Kristians Suche nach den verstreuten Mitgliedern seiner Familie, die "The Wave" spannend macht. Als nordischer Genrefilmveteran, der schon das tiefste Mittelalter ("Escape") und unheimliche Hotels ("Cold Prey") erkundet hat, weiß Roar Uthaug auch mit begrenzten Mitteln Spannung aufzubauen. Die nach der Flutwelle entstandene apokalyptische Landschaft kommt dann wieder ohne CGI aus und verdeutlicht die Verwirrung aller ihrer Opfer. Die unaufdringlichen Figuren des Films sind nicht nur Beiwerk, sondern taugen zur Identifikation und zeigen vor allem in einer gewissen Szene in einem sich langsam mit Wasser füllenden "Sicherheitsraum", was ein Unglück wie dieses aus Menschen machen kann. Ein sehenswerter Beitrag für die Sparte "Katastrophenfilm", der sich vor allem aufgrund des gut eingearbeiteten Realismus' seine Sporen verdienen dürfte. Denn laut Abspann sind sich die Experten sicher, dass ein Feslsturz dieser Größenordnung eines Tages kommen wird. Das und die insgesamt äußerst bodenständige Inszenierung hebt den Film aus der Masse der Einheitsspektakel heraus. Gut, an einer Stelle kann Uthaug nicht widerstehen und lässt die Welle zu dramatischer Chormusik auf die Stadt zurasen. Aber perfekt ist niemand. Ja da schau an, es geht auch ohne Hollywood! Der Film braucht ein bisschen eh er in Fahrt kommt, aber dann fesselt er einen bis zur letzten Sekunde. Alle Eckpfeiler eines guten Katastrophenfilms werden sorgfältig (vor allem unaufdringlich) abgearbeitet. 50 Mio. NKR (ca. 5, 5 Mio. ?) ist nicht gerade übermäßig viel Budget, merkt man dem Film aber nicht an. Das der Computer fleißig mitspielt ist zwangsläufig, hält sich aber in Grenzen und ist durchaus solide gemacht. Kollege Zufall macht natürlich mit, dafür sind so einige physikalische Gesetze nicht mit dabei. Müssen sie auch nicht, ist ja keine Doku. Wie die Mutter Idun zum Ende hin ihren Sohn vor dem gewaltsamen Ertrinken rettet ist durchaus sehenswert, für mich neu, habe ich so noch in keinem anderen Film gesehen! Hut ab vor dem Drehbuchschreiber (und natürlich vor der Mutter). Der Film ist einfach mal sehenswert. Musik, Schauspiel und das Setting- grundsolide! Wer schon mal da war (Geirangerfjord) weiß, dass es da unvorstellbar schön ist, wer noch hin will, könnte es sich vielleicht dann doch nochmal überlegen. Keine Angst, die Katastrophe die als Vorlage diente, ist über 80 Jahre her und passierte im Tafjorden (also ein Fjord weiter), aber wer weiß? Deshalb immer drauf achten: wenn die Sirenen heulen, nicht warten, losrennen..., den Berg hoch! Fazit: Spannend, deshalb: Anschauen! "The Wave - Die Todeswelle" ist ein Streifen, der die Genre "Drama" auf jeden Fall verdient hat. Auch wenn man schon von Anfang an weiß, vorrauf die Story letztendlich hinauslaufen soll, ist dieser Film trotzdem nicht langweilig. Im Gegenteil - der Anfang ist schnell erzählt und im Hauptteil gehts dann zur Sache. Das geschieht auf spannende und besonders dramatische Weise. Man fühlt mit den Figuren mit und ist absolut gefesselt von den Ereignissen, die sie durchleben. Die Darsteller machen ihre Sache super und kommen authentisch beim Zuschauer rüber. Die verschiedenen Szenerien sind ganz gut eingefangen, allerdings gibt es die ein oder andere Szene, welche nicht so realistisch daher kommt. Ansonsten aufwühlendes Kino. Der Film ist in Teilen (später) halbwegs spannend, aber der Plot ist insgesamt einfach zu schlicht und die Regiearbeit ziemlich unterirdisch. Es passiert einfach zu wenig mit Nebenhandlungen/-rollen und die Hauptfigur spielt dermaßen lächerlich und sinnfrei überdramatisch, dass der Unrealismus irgendwann nur noch nervt. Das CGI ist auch nicht gerade ein Überflieger... und so bleibt leider nur ein(e Art) B-Movie mit schönen Landschaftsaufnahmen übrig. Eben. Es geht auch ohne Hollywood, spannend und toll besetzt. Trotz ein paar Hänger absolut solide Unterhaltung für einen entspannten Abend. also vom Plot her ist das ja die typische Katastrophenfilm Geschichte die man von (zumeist US-amerikanischen) Billig-Produktionen unter Mitwirkung der üblichen 3, Schauspieler-Garde kennt - aber damit hat es sich dann auch mit den Gemeinsamkeiten. Den billig ist hier garnichts - weder die schauspielerische Leistung, noch die Spezialeffekte oder gar die Kameraarbeit. Die Story ist durchaus glaubwürdig umgesetzt und das obwohl sie dem im Genre üblichen dramaturgischen Ablauf sehr präzise folgt - aber irgendwie haben die Norweger das alles einfach mindestens zwei Klassen besser gemacht als die üblichen 'Schlefaz'-Produzenten - und vermutlich mit trotzdem kleineren Budget. Da kann man nur sagen: Chapeau! - Sehr sehenswert - nicht nur für Fans des Genres Es ist in diesen Foren so geil. Irgendwelche Möchtegernkritiker schreiben was, ohne Ahnung. Fakt aber ist: Dieser Film soll nicht das Ende der Welt darstellen, sondern Warnung sein. Dass sowas, dem geneigten Zuschauer geschuldet, etwas emotional aufgewertet wird, ist normal. Es geht halt um die Gefahr und Umstände. Und das ist toll gemacht und kurzweilig. Guter Film mit guten Schauspielern. Möchtest Du weitere Kritiken ansehen? Die neuesten FILMSTARTS-Kritiken Die besten Filme aller Zeiten: Usermeinung Die besten Filme aller Zeiten: Pressemeinung.
I'm starting to think Justin Long has a substance abuse issue. Un das Schlimme ist das Lori und die wenigen die etwas unternommen haben, auch nur tätig geworden sind weil ihnen Vorteile weggenommen wurden. Währe sie weiter Klassenbeste gewesen und hätte ihren hohen Platz in der Hackordnung und als Klassenprinzessin behalten, hätte sie genau nichts dagegen getan.

The wave watch free online. Du bist bereits Sky Kunde? Jetzt einloggen: Login Bitte logge Dich ein. Logge Dich?hier einfach ein, um persönliche Angebote, auf?Dich zugeschnittene Service- und Hilfethemen und viele weitere Vorteile nutzen zu können. Eingeloggt bleiben Was ist das? Aktivieren Sie dieses Feld nicht, wenn Sie an einem öffentlichen oder von mehreren Benutzern verwendeten Computer arbeiten. Registrieren und PIN bekommen Du hast?eine Kundennummer, hast aber mit uns noch keine vierstellige Sky PIN per Telefon oder hier im Internet vereinbart? Jetzt registrieren HD Originaltitel: Bølgen Actionfilm, N 2015, 102 min., ab 12 Jahren Beklemmend-spannender skandinavischer Katastrophenthriller nach einer wahren Geschichte: Geologe Kristian (Kristoffer Joner) hat seinen letzten Arbeitstag im Erdrutsch-Frühwarnzentrum im norwegischen Geiranger. Am nächsten Tag will er mit seiner Familie in die Stadt umziehen. Da bemerkt er plötzlich seismische Aktivitäten: Die Gesteinsschichten des nahen Berges Akerneset könnten in Bewegung geraten sein. Eine Bedrohung, die katastrophale Konsequenzen hätte: eine über 80 Meter hohe Flutwelle. Regie: Roar Uthaug Kamera: John Christian Rosenlund Drehbuch: Harald Rosenløw Eeg, John Kåre Raake Musik: Magnus Beite Darsteller: Fridtjov Såheim (Arvid Øvrebø), Jonas Oftebro (Sondre), Ane Dahl Torp (Idun), Kristoffer Joner (Kristian), Herman Bernhoft (Georg), Thomas Bo Larsen (Phillip), Eili Harboe (Vibeke) 102 Min. Actionfilm N 2015 Ab 12 Jahren Sprache: Deutsch/Norwegisch.

The Wave Watch free web site. The Wave Watch free web. The Wave Watch freedom. Carrot wait. Is the costume situation same as future tone? as in you can choose a different module for each individual song? or if u set a costume for one song it will be the same costume for all the other songs? same for the button sounds. The Wave Watch freelance. Brother bring down ur music sound little bit, it brings headache when we hear suddenly. Rest ur work is Awesome. The Wave Watch free online. Pupup-pøpø-pøøøøø-pupupu.- italian. The Wave Watch free mobile.
Let's just shout out loud whatever we're actually doing at the moment, and make brain dead comments about the current era. 2:47 This way! Everybody follow me! We need to get to the highest place! Get all your belongings and loved ones with you and run. 2:35:41. The Wave Watch free. Anyone know the name of the song playing. The Wave Theatrical release poster Directed by Roar Uthaug Produced by Are Heidenstorm Written by John Kåre Raake Harald Rosenløw-Eeg Starring Kristoffer Joner Ane Dahl Torp Jonas Hoff Oftebro Edith Haagenrud-Sande Fridtjov Såheim Thomas Bo Larsen Music by Magnus Beite Cinematography John Christian Rosenlund Edited by Christian Siebenherz Production company Film Väst Distributed by Nordisk Filmdistribusjon Magnolia Pictures Release date 28?August?2015 Running time 105 minutes [1] Country Norway Language Norwegian Budget $6 million [2] [3] Box office $12. 8 million [4] The Wave ( Norwegian: Bølgen) is a 2015 Norwegian disaster film [5] directed by Roar Uthaug. It was Norway's official submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards but failed to be nominated. [6] [7] [8] The movie depicts a future event in Møre og Romsdal in which the Åkerneset ?[ no] crevasse collapses, creating an avalanche resulting in an 80 meter tall tsunami that destroys everything in its path. A sequel titled The Quake ( Norwegian: Skjelvet), directed by John Andreas Andersen, was released on 31 August 2018. [9] Plot [ edit] Kristian Eikjord ( Joner), an experienced geologist, is having his final day of duty in the famous Norwegian tourist destination Geiranger, and is scheduled to move to Stavanger with his family. After a small farewell feast with his colleagues at the Åkerneset monitoring station, sensors on the mountain indicate groundwater has disappeared. The team tells Kristian not to worry, they will check it out. Later, Kristian and his children are leaving while his wife Idun ( Torp) works at the local hotel for a few more days. Waiting for the ferry, Kristian has an epiphany after observing surrounding events and rushes back to the geology center, leaving his children Sondre (Oftebro) and Julia (Sande) in the car. There, he convinces them the waters are having a profound effect on the crevasse. He heads up by helicopter with Jacob, where they find the instrument-connected wires have snapped. Kristian's former boss Arvid ( Såheim) agrees to enter a higher state of alert, but refuses to press the evacuation alarm based on the current evidence. Having done what he can, Kristian returns to his car, but finds the children were impatient and went to the hotel. There, he apologizes and Idun tells the children to sleep at the hotel for the night, but Julia wants to say goodbye to their house by spending one last night there. Kristian drives home with her to stay there one last time. Meanwhile, Sondre is bored in his hotel room and heads down to the basement with headphones to skateboard. Instrument calculations indicate contraction changes in the crevasse, thus Arvid and Jacob head there to check the "C-pumps" (used to measure specific conditions), they find the readings are accurate and not a malfunction. Kristian reviews his old documents and finds contractions can be a sign of an upcoming avalanche, due to water pressure changing within the mountain. Kristian dials the station and orders his colleagues to evacuate Arvid and Jacob from the crevasse immediately and sound the outdoor warning alarms to alert the residents of Geiranger that there is an imminent threat of a tsunami. Moments later, the avalanche happens; Arvid decides to sacrifice himself, linking Jacob to their zip-line after his foot is trapped, falling to his death shortly after. As feared, the rockslide crashes into the fjord and creates a gigantic tsunami approximately 80 meters high roaring towards Geiranger. With ten minutes on the countdown, Kristian rushes to Geiranger with Julia to pick up his wife and son, but Idun orders them to ascend to safety. She and her colleague Vibeke desperately attempt to evacuate the hotel patrons onto a waiting bus, but Sondre is nowhere to be found. Time is quickly running out, but Idun refuses to leave him. Two Danish tourists (Maria and Philip Poulsen) are following her on the search. Kristian and Julia are stuck in traffic trying to get up the mountain, and realizing their altitude is dangerously low, they start running uphill on foot, yelling for everyone else to do the same. During the rush, a man forgets to set the car's brake, causing it to roll backwards and trap Anna's leg (Kristian's former neighbor). Kristian sends Julia up the mountain with Thomas (Anna's husband) and Teresa, their daughter. With seconds until wave impact, Kristian seats himself and Anna in a van in a desperate attempt to survive. The tsunami engulfs the vehicle into a chaotic underwater maelstrom. Idun finds Sondre, but the tsunami approaches too quickly. Rushing back downstairs to the basement's bomb shelter, the wave strikes the hotel violently and washes Maria away, forcing Idun to close the shelter's door after convincing Philip that Maria is already dead. Kristian realizes he miraculously survived the maelstrom, but finds Anna next to him dead, having been impaled by a large piece of debris. After Kristian finds Julia alive, he leaves her with Thomas and his daughter, while he heads back to Geiranger to find the rest of his family. The town has been wiped off the map, and he finds the evacuation bus, filled with dead passengers, including Vibeke. Realizing Idun and Sondre are not among them, he heads to the ruins of the hotel. Down in the bomb shelter, the water level rises and deforms the door, which is blocked by heavy debris. With the situation worsening, Philip panics and pushes Idun and Sondre underwater in a frenzied attempt to breathe. Unable to calm him down, Idun is forced to drown him. Kristian finds his son's backpack in one of the rooms, and feeling hopeless, he furiously bangs some exposed pipes with a metal rod. The noises are heard by Idun and Sondre, who then respond in like. Kristian tracks the noise to the bomb shelter, but as he dives, further damage occurs to the hotel, causing water to flood where they are taking refuge. He removes the heavy debris and reunites with Idun, but as he returns with Sondre, he runs out of air (after giving some to his panicked son). Idun heads back for him and begins a desperate attempt to revive him. While it seems Kristian has drowned and Idun accepts his death, Sondre gives one last frantic effort at revival, which pays off. The family is reunited at Ørnesvingen, and the film closes saying the events are likely to occur in the future, but the exact date is unpredictable. Cast [ edit] Kristoffer Joner as Kristian Eikjord, a 40-year old experienced geologist [2] Ane Dahl Torp as Idun Eikjord, Kristian's wife Jonas Hoff Oftebro as Sondre Eikjord, Kristian's son Edith Haagenrud-Sande as Julia Eikjord, Kristian's daughter Thomas Bo Larsen as Phillip Poulsen, a Danish tourist Mette Horn as Maria Poulsen Fridtjov Såheim as Arvid Øvrebø, Kristian's former boss Herman Bernhoft as Georg Arthur Berning as Jacob Vikra Silje Breivik as Anna, one of Eikjord's neighbours Laila Goody as Margot Valldal, Arvid's assistant Eili Harboe as Vibeke, Idun's hotel colleague Production [ edit] Development [ edit] Norway is a rockslide prone area (created by the Caledonian orogeny) and The Wave is based on a rock-slide tsunami incident which destroyed the village of Tafjord on 7 April 1934, killing 40 people. [2] Prior to that, a similar incident in 1905 triggered a tsunami killing 60 people, and 31 years later, another 74 lost their lives. [11] Uthaug has always been a fan of Hollywood disaster films such as Twister and Armageddon and had long wanted to make a disaster film in Norway. [2] According to him the challenge was to combine the elements of the American genre film with the reality of the situation in Norway. [2] All the actors performed their own stunts, something the director said was "utterly nerve-racking. " And for a climatic scene, in which Joner tries to rescue his family from a flooded hotel, he trained with free-diving instructors to be able to hold his breath for three minutes underwater. [2] Release [ edit] The Wave had its international premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on 16 September 2015. [12] Box office [ edit] The film sold around 800, 000 tickets in Norway, [2] and grossed a total of US$8. 2 million at the Norwegian box office becoming the highest grossing film of 2015 in Norway. [13] Awards and accolades [ edit] At the 2016 Amanda Awards, The Wave received the award for Best Norwegian Film in Theatrical Release, as well as the awards for Best Sound Design and Best Visual Effects. [14] In addition, the film was also nominated in the categories of Best Norwegian Film, Best Director, Best Cinematography, and Best Music. [15] At the Kanon Awards for 2016, The Wave won for Best Male Actor in a Leading Role ( Kristoffer Joner), Best Producer, Best Editing, and Best Production Design ( Lina Nordqvist). [16] Critical reception [ edit] The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise aimed at the performances of the cast (mostly the two protagonists), cinematography, score and visual effects. [17] [10] Deborah Young of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "an exotic edge-of-seater [that] plays on the beauty and terror of nature" and "a thrilling ride", [3] while chief international film critic Peter Debruge of Variety described it as "an equally impressive tsunami-peril thriller. " [17] The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 83% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 108 reviews, with an average rating of 6. 64/10. The site's critics consensus states: "Well-acted and blessed with a refreshingly humanis

It was just a reflex. The Wave Watch. The 5th wave watch free. I love your sound I love this song so cool. The fifth wave watch free. Dogs running towards incoming storm is BRAVE, inspires to face Life difficulties head on. I would not stop and look at it, ?I would be running my ass off ?. Force Majeure Remake. The Wave Watch free software. Wave, propagation of disturbances from place to place in a regular and organized way. Most familiar are surface waves that travel on water, but sound, light, and the motion of subatomic particles all exhibit wavelike properties. In the simplest waves, the disturbance oscillates periodically ( see periodic motion) with a fixed frequency and wavelength. Mechanical waves, such as sound, require a medium through which to travel, while electromagnetic waves ( see electromagnetic radiation) do not require a medium and can be propagated through a vacuum. Propagation of a wave through a medium depends on the medium’s properties. See also seismic wave. wave A wave in water. © juland/Fotolia Types and features of waves Waves come in two kinds, longitudinal and transverse. Transverse waves are like those on water, with the surface going up and down, and longitudinal waves are like of those of sound, consisting of alternating compressions and rarefactions in a medium. The high point of a transverse wave is a called the crest, and the low point is called the trough. For longitudinal waves, the compressions and rarefactions are analogous to the crests and troughs of transverse waves. The distance between successive crests or troughs is called the wavelength. The height of a wave is the amplitude. How many crests or troughs pass a specific point during a unit of time is called the frequency. The velocity of a wave can be expressed as the wavelength multiplied by the frequency. Waves can travel immense distances even though the oscillation at one point is very small. For example, a thunderclap can be heard kilometres away, yet the sound carried manifests itself at any point only as minute compressions and rarefactions of the air. Wave behaviour Waves display several basic phenomena. In reflection, a wave encounters an obstacle and is reflected back. In refraction, a wave bends when it enters a medium through which it has a different speed. In diffraction, waves bend when they pass around small obstacles and spread out when they pass through small openings. In interference, when two waves meet, they can interfere constructively, creating a wave with larger amplitude than the original waves, or destructively, creating a wave with a smaller (or even zero) amplitude. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today Reflection When waves hit a boundary and are reflected, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The angle of incidence is the angle between the direction of motion of the wave and a line drawn perpendicular to the reflecting boundary. Refraction The speed of a wave depends on the properties of the medium through which it travels. For example, sound travels much faster through water than through air. When a wave enters at an angle a medium through which its speed would be slower, the wave is bent toward the perpendicular. When a wave enters at an angle a medium in which its speed would be increased, the opposite effect happens. With light, this change can be expressed by using Snell’s law of refraction. Diffraction When a wave encounters a small obstacle or a small opening (that is, small compared with the wavelength of the wave), the wave can bend around the obstacle or pass through the opening and then spread out. This bending or spreading out is called diffraction. Interference The waves from two or more centres of disturbance may reinforce each other in some directions and cancel in others. This phenomenon is called the interference of waves. It is easy to see how this may happen. Consider two sources producing waves of the same wavelength and in phase; that is, at their origin the crests of the waves occur at the same time. If a point P is equidistant from both sources, the crests arrive at P simultaneously and reinforce each other. Similarly, the troughs arrive simultaneously and become deeper. The same situation occurs if the distances to point P are unequal but differ by one or more full wavelengths. If, however, the distances differ by half a wavelength or by an odd number of half wavelengths, then the crests of one wave will coincide with the troughs of the other and the intensity of the resultant wave is decreased. When two such waves are of equal intensity, they will cancel each other completely. Intermediate situations arise in those directions in which the distances traveled by the two waves differ by some other fraction of a wavelength, the waves tending either to reinforce or to cancel each other. When two waves of identical wavelength are in phase, they form a new wave with an amplitude equal to the sum of their individual amplitudes (constructive interference). When two waves are of completely opposite phase, they either form a new wave of reduced amplitude (partial destructive interference) or cancel each other out (complete destructive interference). Much more complicated constructive and destructive interference patterns emerge when waves with different wavelengths interact. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Doppler effect When the source of a wave moves relative to an observer, the observer notices a change in the frequency of the wave. This change is called the Doppler effect, after its discoverer, Austrian physicist Christian Doppler. Doppler shift Doppler shift. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Consider a source emitting a wave such as light or sound of frequency ν moving away from an observer at velocity v. The successive crests of the light waves will reach the observer at longer intervals than if the observer were at rest, and calculation shows that the observer will receive them with a frequency ν(1− v / c), where c is the velocity of the wave. The frequency of the wave will appear to the observer slightly lower than it would if the source were at rest. If the source is approaching, the frequency will be higher. In sound this effect is an everyday experience; when a blowing horn is passed on the highway, the observer may notice that the pitch of the note seems to change. The Doppler effect for light waves is evident in spectroscopy. A shift to higher frequencies is called a blueshift, and a shift to lower frequencies is called a redshift. The redshifted light from other galaxies is evidence of the expansion of the universe. Standing waves If a wave is confined to a closed space, it undergoes both reflection and interference. For example, consider a tube of length l. A disturbance anywhere in the air in the tube will be reflected from both ends and produce in general a series of waves traveling in both directions along the tube. From the geometry of the situation and the finite constant value of acoustic velocity, these must be periodic waves with frequencies fixed by the boundary conditions at the end of the tube. The allowed frequencies of the waves in the tube satisfy sin k l = 0; i. e., the allowed frequencies are ν = n v /2 l, where n is any integer and v is the acoustic velocity in the tube. These are the frequencies of harmonic waves that can exist in the tube and still satisfy the boundary conditions at the ends. They are called the characteristic frequencies or normal modes of vibration of the air column. The fundamental frequency ( n = 1) is ν = v /2 l. The higher frequencies, called harmonics or overtones, are multiples of the fundamental. It is customary to refer to the fundamental as the first harmonic; n = 2 gives the second harmonic or first overtone, and so on. Approximately the same set of characteristic frequencies hold for a cylindrical tube open at both ends, though the boundary conditions are different. There are positions in the tube at which the displacement of the air is zero at all times. This cannot take place in a progressive wave; thus, the wave disturbance corresponding to a normal mode is known as a standing wave. The positions of continuous zero displacement are known as nodes, while the positions for which there is maximum displacement are called antinodes. The distance between successive nodes is equal to a half wavelength of the particular mode. This article was most recently revised and updated by Erik Gregersen, Senior Editor.
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