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Much trve, very kvlt, Wow. Liat si marsha nahan damage + kasih info selalu auto bronze tapi win... Gg kau lerr walaupun bronze... Ini yang dinamakan team semua saling melengkapi. Trier View over Trier Coat of arms Location of Trier Trier Trier Coordinates: 49¡ë45¡ìN 6¡ë38¡ìE ? / ? 49. 750¡ëN 6. 633¡ëE Coordinates: 49¡ë45¡ìN 6¡ë38¡ìE ? / ? 49. 633¡ëE Country Germany State Rhineland-Palatinate District Urban district Government ? Lord Mayor Wolfram Leibe ( SPD) Area ??Total 117. 13?km 2 (45. 22?sq?mi) Elevation 137?m (449?ft) Population (2018-12-31) [1] ??Total 110, 636 ??Density 940/km 2 (2, 400/sq?mi) Demonym(s) Trevian Time zone CET / CEST (UTC+1/+2) Postal codes 54290?54296 (except 54291) Dialling codes 0651 Vehicle registration TR Website Trier ( TREER, [2] [3] German: [t?i???] ( listen); Luxembourgish: Tréier pronounced [?t?????] ( listen)), formerly known in English as Treves ( TREV; [4] [5] French: Trèves [t??v]) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region. Karl Marx, philosopher and founder of the theory that would become known as Marxism, was born in the city in 1818. Founded by the Celts in the late 4th century?BC as Treuorum and conquered 300 years later by the Romans, who renamed it Augusta?Treverorum ("The City of Augustus among the Treveri "), Trier has a good title for being considered Germany's oldest city. [6] [7] It is also the oldest seat north of the Alps of a bishop. In the Middle Ages, the archbishop-elector of Trier was an important prince of the Church who controlled land from the French border to the Rhine. The archbishop-elector of Trier also had great significance as one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Empire. With an approximate population of 105, 000, Trier is the fourth-largest city in its state, after Mainz, Ludwigshafen, and Koblenz. [8] The nearest major cities are Luxembourg (50?km or 31?mi to the southwest), Saarbrücken (80 kilometres or 50 miles southeast), and Koblenz (100?km or 62?mi northeast). The University of Trier, the administration of the Trier-Saarburg district and the seat of the ADD ( Aufsichts- und Dienstleistungsdirektion), which until 1999 was the borough authority of Trier, and the Academy of European Law (ERA) are all based in Trier. It is one of the five " central places " of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate. Along with Luxembourg, Metz and Saarbrücken, fellow constituent members of the QuattroPole union of cities, it is central to the greater region encompassing Saar-Lor-Lux ( Saarland, Lorraine and Luxembourg), Rhineland-Palatinate, and Wallonia. History [ edit] The first traces of human settlement in the area of the city show evidence of linear pottery settlements dating from the early Neolithic period. Since the last pre-Christian centuries, members of the Celtic tribe of the Treveri settled in the area of today's Trier. [9] The city of Trier derives its name from the later Latin locative in Trēverīs for earlier Augusta Treverorum. The historical record describes the Roman Empire subduing the Treveri in the 1st century BC and establishing Augusta Treverorum about 16 BC. [10] The name distinguished it from the empire's many other cities honoring the first emperor Augustus. The city later became the capital of the province of Belgic Gaul; after the Diocletian Reforms, it became the capital of the prefecture of the Gauls, overseeing much of the Western Roman Empire. In the 4th century, Trier was one of the largest cities in the Roman Empire with a population around 75, 000 and perhaps as much as 100, 000. [11] [12] [13] [14] The Porta Nigra ("Black Gate") dates from this era. A residence of the Western Roman Emperor, Roman Trier was the birthplace of Saint Ambrose. Sometime between 395 and 418, probably in 407 the Roman administration moved the staff of the Praetorian Prefecture from Trier to Arles. The city continued to be inhabited but was not as prosperous as before. However, it remained the seat of a governor and had state factories for the production of ballistae and armor and woolen uniforms for the troops, clothing for the civil service, and high-quality garments for the Court. Northern Gaul was held by the Romans along a line from north of Cologne to the coast at Boulogne through what is today southern Belgium until 460. South of this line, Roman control was firm, as evidenced by the continuing operation of the imperial arms factory at Amiens. Scale Model of Trier around 1800 The Franks seized Trier from Roman administration in 459. In 870, it became part of Eastern Francia, which developed into the Holy Roman Empire. Relics of Saint Matthias brought to the city initiated widespread pilgrimages. The bishops of the city grew increasingly powerful and the Archbishopric of Trier was recognized as an electorate of the empire, one of the most powerful states of Germany. The University of Trier was founded in the city in 1473. In the 17th century, the Archbishops and Prince-Electors of Trier relocated their residences to Philippsburg Castle in Ehrenbreitstein, near Koblenz. A session of the Reichstag was held in Trier in 1512, during which the demarcation of the Imperial Circles was definitively established. In the years from 1581 to 1593, the Trier witch trials were held, perhaps the largest witch trial in European history. It was certainly one of the four largest witch trials in Germany alongside the Fulda witch trials, the Würzburg witch trial, and the Bamberg witch trials. The persecutions started in the diocese of Trier in 1581 and reached the city itself in 1587, where it was to lead to the death of about 368 people, and was as such perhaps the biggest mass execution in Europe in peacetime. This counts only those executed within the city itself, and the real number of executions, counting also those executed in all the witch hunts within the diocese as a whole, was therefore even larger. The exact number of people executed has never been established; a total of 1, 000 has been suggested but not confirmed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Trier was sought after by France, who invaded during the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Grand Alliance, the War of the Spanish Succession, and the War of the Polish Succession. France succeeded in finally claiming Trier in 1794 during the French Revolutionary Wars, and the electoral archbishopric was dissolved. After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. The German philosopher and one of the founders of Marxism, Karl Marx was born in the city in 1818. As part of the Prussian Rhineland, Trier developed economically during the 19th century. The city rose in revolt during the revolutions of 1848 in the German states, although the rebels were forced to concede. It became part of the German Empire in 1871. In June 1940 over 60, 000 British prisoners of war, captured at Dunkirk and Northern France, were marched to Trier, which became a staging post for British soldiers headed for German prisoner-of-war camps. Trier was heavily bombed and bombarded in 1944 during World War II. The city became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after the war. The university, dissolved in 1797, was restarted in the 1970s, while the Cathedral of Trier was reopened in 1974. Trier officially celebrated its 2, 000th anniversary in 1984. Geography [ edit] Historical population Year Pop. ¡Þ% 100 20, 000 ? 300 80, 000 +300. 0% 400 50, 000 ¡Ý37. 5% 1250 12, 000 ¡Ý76. 0% 1363 10, 000 ¡Ý16. 7% 1542 8, 500 ¡Ý15. 0% 1613 6, 000 ¡Ý29. 4% 1702 4, 300 ¡Ý28. 3% 1801 8, 829 +105. 3% 1871 21, 442 +142. 9% 1900 43, 506 +102. 9% 1910 49, 112 +12. 9% 1919 53, 248 +8. 4% 1919 57, 341 +7. 7% 1933 76, 692 +33. 7% 1939 88, 150 +14. 9% 1950 75, 526 ¡Ý14. 3% 1961 87, 141 +15. 4% 1970 103, 724 +19. 0% 1987 94, 118 ¡Ý9. 3% 2011 105, 671 +12. 3% 2018 110, 636 +4. 7% source: [15] [ circular reference] View of the city from St. Mary's Column ( Mariensäule). Trier from the east ( Petrisberg). Trier sits in a hollow midway along the Moselle valley, with the most significant portion of the city on the east bank of the river. Wooded and vineyard -covered slopes stretch up to the Hunsrück plateau in the south and the Eifel in the north. The border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg is some 15?km (9?mi) away. Largest groups of foreign residents Country of birth Population (2013) Poland 688 France 675 Luxembourg 573 Ukraine 476 Russia 444 Neighbouring municipalities [ edit] Listed in clockwise order, beginning with the northernmost; all municipalities belong to the Trier-Saarburg district Schweich, Kenn and Longuich (all part of the Verbandsgemeinde Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße), Mertesdorf, Kasel, Waldrach, Morscheid, Korlingen, Gutweiler, Sommerau and Gusterath (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Hockweiler, Franzenheim (both part of the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land), Konz ( Verbandsgemeinde Konz), Igel, Trierweiler, Aach, Newel, Kordel, Zemmer (all in the Verbandsgemeinde Trier-Land) Organization of city districts [ edit] The Trier urban area is divided into 19 city districts. For each district there is an Ortsbeirat (local council) of between 9 and 15 members, as well as an Ortsvorsteher (local representative). The local councils are charged with hearing the important issues that affect the district, although the final decision on any issue rests with the city council. The local councils nevertheless have the freedom to undertake limited measures within the bounds of their districts and their budgets. The districts of Trier with area and inhabitants (December 31, 2009): Official district number Di
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Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian Native name Croatian: Povijesna jezgra grada Splita s Dioklecijanovom palačom View of the peristyle (the central square within the Palace) towards the entrance of Diocletian's quarters Location Split, Croatia Coordinates 43¡ë30¡ì30¡íN 16¡ë26¡ì24¡íE ? / ? 43. 50833¡ëN 16. 44000¡ëE Coordinates: 43¡ë30¡ì30¡íN 16¡ë26¡ì24¡íE ? / ? 43. 44000¡ëE Built 4th century AD UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria ii, iii, iv Designated 1979 (3rd Session) Reference?no. 97 State Party Croatia Region Europe Cultural Good of Croatia Official name: Dioklecijanova palača Location of Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian in Croatia Diocletian's Palace ( Croatian: Dioklecijanova palača, pronounced [di?kl?t?sijǎ?n??a pǎlat??a]) is an ancient palace built for the Roman emperor Diocletian at the turn of the fourth century AD, which today forms about half the old town of Split, Croatia. While it is referred to as a "palace" because of its intended use as the retirement residence of Diocletian, the term can be misleading as the structure is massive and more resembles a large fortress: about half of it was for Diocletian's personal use, and the rest housed the military garrison. The complex was built on a peninsula six kilometers southwest from Salona, the capital of Dalmatia (Roman province), one of the largest cities of the late empire with 60, 000 people and the birthplace of Diocletian. The terrain around Salona slopes gently seaward and is typical karst, consisting of low limestone ridges running east to west with marl in the clefts between them. Today the remains of the palace are part of the historic core of Split, which in 1979 was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. History [ edit] Diocletian had ordered the construction of the heavily fortified compound near his hometown of Spalatum in preparation for his retirement on 1 May 305 AD. [1]. The site chosen was near Salona, the provincial administrative center of Dalmatia, on the southern side of a short peninsula, On the basis of Roman map data (known through the medieval parchment Tabula Peutingeriana), there was already a Spalatum settlement in that bay, the remains and size of which have not yet been established. Reconstruction of Diocletian's Palace in its original appearance upon completion in AD 305 (viewed from the south-west) The beginning of the construction of Diocletian's palace has not exactly been established. It is assumed to have begun around 295, after the introduction of the Tetrarchy (the rule of four). Yet ten years after that decision, when Diocletian abdicated in 305, the palace seems to have still been unfinished, and there are indications that some works were taking place while the emperor was residing at the Palace. It is unknown under whose architectural ideas the palace was built and who its builders were. The complex was modeled on Roman forts of the 3rd-century era, examples of which can be seen across the Limes, such as the bridgehead fort Divitia across the Rhine from Cologne. [2] However, the engraved Greek names Zotikos and Filotas, as well as many Greek characters, indicate that a number of builders were originally from the eastern part of the empire, i. e. Diocletian brought with him masters from the East. Still, it is highly likely that a large part of the workforce was of local origin. The basic materials came from close proximity. The white limestone comes from Brač and some of Seget near Trogir; tufa was extracted from nearby riverbeds and bricks were made in Spalatum and other workshops located nearby. The building as a whole did not have an immediate role in Roman construction in the past. Its source comes from the basic function and position adjustment. At Carnuntum, people begged Diocletian to return to the throne in order to resolve the conflicts that had arisen through Constantine 's rise to power and Maxentius' usurpation. [3] Diocletian famously replied: If you could show the cabbage that I planted with my own hands to your emperor, he definitely wouldn't dare suggest that I replace the peace and happiness of this place with the storms of a never-satisfied greed. [4] This was a reference to the Emperor retiring to his palace to grow cabbages. Diocletian lived on for four more years, spending his days in his palace gardens. He saw his tetrarchic system fail, torn by the selfish ambitions of his successors. He heard of Maximian's third claim to the throne, his forced suicide, and his damnatio memoriae. In his palace, statues and portraits of his former companion emperor were torn down and destroyed. Deep in despair and illness, Diocletian may have committed suicide. He died on 3 December 312. [5] [6] [Note 1] With the death of Diocletian, the life of the palace did not end, and it remained an imperial possession of the Roman court, providing shelter to the expelled members of the Emperor's family. In 480, Emperor Julius Nepos was murdered by one of his own soldiers, reportedly stabbed to death in his villa near Salona. [7] Since Diocletian's palace was in the area, it might have been the same building. Its second life came when Salona was largely destroyed in the invasions of the Avars and Slavs in the 7th century, though the exact year of the destruction still remains an open debate between archaeologists. Part of the expelled population, now refugees, found shelter inside the palace's strong walls and with them a new, organized city life began. [8] Since then, the palace has been continuously occupied, with residents making their homes and businesses within the palace basement and directly in its walls. [9] St Martin's Church is an example of this trend. Today many restaurants and shops, and some homes can still be found within the walls. In the period of the free medieval commune, between the 12th and 14th centuries, there was a greater architectural development, when many medieval houses filled not only Roman buildings but also a large part of the free space of streets and docks. Also completed in this period was the construction of the Romanesque bell tower of the Cathedral of Saint Domnius, which inhabits the building that was originally erected as Jupiter's temple and then used as the Mausoleum of Diocletian. [10] After the Middle Ages, the palace was virtually unknown in the rest of Europe, until the Scottish architect Robert Adam had the ruins surveyed. Then, with the aid of French artist and antiquary Charles-Louis Clérisseau and several draughtsmen, Adam published Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia (London, 1764). [11] Diocletian's palace was an inspiration for Adam's new style of Neoclassical architecture [12] and the publication of measured drawings brought it into the design vocabulary of European architecture for the first time. A few decades later, in 1782, the French painter Louis-François Cassas created drawings of the palace, published by Joseph Lavallée in 1802 in the chronicles of his voyages. [13] Today, the palace is well preserved with all the most important historical buildings, in the center of the city of Split, the second-largest city of modern Croatia. Diocletian's Palace far transcends local importance because of its degree of preservation. The Palace is one of the most famous and complete architectural and cultural features on the Croatian Adriatic coast. As the world's most complete remains of a Roman palace, it holds an outstanding place in Mediterranean, European, and world heritage. Cultural heritage [ edit] View of the Peristyle in 1764, engraving by Robert Adam. The Peristyle is the central square of the palace, where the main entrance to Diocletian's quarters (pictured) is located. In November 1979 UNESCO, in line with the international convention on cultural and natural heritage, adopted a proposal that the historic city of Split built around the Palace should be included in the register of World Cultural Heritage. [14] In November 2006 the City Council decided to permit over twenty new buildings within the palace (including a shopping and garage complex), although the palace had been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Monument. It is said that this decision was politically motivated and largely due to lobbying by local property developers. Once the public in 2007 became aware of the project, they petitioned against the decision and won. No new buildings, shopping center or the underground garage were built. The World Monuments Fund has been working on a conservation project at the palace, including surveying structural integrity and cleaning and restoring the stone and plasterwork. The palace is depicted on the reverse of the Croatian 500 kuna banknote, issued in 1993. [15] [16] Architecture [ edit] Floor plan of Diocletian's palace The ground plan of the palace is an irregular rectangle measuring east: 214. 97 m, north: 174. 74 m, south: 181. 65 m (adjusting for the terrain), with sixteen towers projecting from the western, northern, and eastern facades on the facades facing the mainland and four towers on the corners of the square are ground floor gives the palace a characteristic of the legionary forts similar to those on the Danube. [17] Two of the six octagonal ground-floor towers were framed by three landing entrances, the six rectangular ground floors of the rectangular floor being between the corner and the octagonal. To date, three corner corners (except southwestern) have been preserved, and only the remains of octagonal and rectangular ones. Three well-preserved landings have been architecturally fragmented, especially the northern one, which was the main approach from Salona. The south, seaside gate, small, simple and well preserved. The facade walls of the palace in t
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