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The Call of the Wild First edition cover Author Jack London Illustrator Philip R. Goodwin and Charles Livingston Bull Cover?artist Charles Edward Hooper Country United States Language English Genre Adventure fiction Publisher Macmillan Publication date 1903 Media?type Print ( Serial, Hardcover & Paperback) Pages 232 (First edition) OCLC 28228581 Followed?by White Fang The Call of the Wild is a short adventure novel by Jack London, published in 1903 and set in Yukon, Canada, during the 1890s Klondike Gold Rush, when strong sled dogs were in high demand. The central character of the novel is a dog named Buck. The story opens at a ranch in Santa Clara Valley, California, when Buck is stolen from his home and sold into service as a sled dog in Alaska. He becomes progressively feral in the harsh environment, where he is forced to fight to survive and dominate other dogs. By the end, he sheds the veneer of civilization, and relies on primordial instinct and learned experience to emerge as a leader in the wild. London spent almost a year in the Yukon, and his observations form much of the material for the book. The story was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post in the summer of 1903 and was published a month later in book form. The book's great popularity and success made a reputation for London. As early as 1923, the story was adapted to film, and it has since seen several more cinematic adaptations. Plot summary [ edit] The story opens with Buck, a powerful 140-pound St. Bernard ? Scotch Collie mix, [1] [2] living happily in California 's Santa Clara Valley as the pampered pet of rich Judge Miller and his family. However, the secretive assistant gardener Manuel, in desperate need of money to finance his Chinese lottery addiction, steals Buck and sells him for a large, lucrative amount of cash. Buck is shipped to Seattle. Put in a crate, he is starved and ill-treated. When released, he attacks his overseer, known only as of the "man in the red sweater" but this man teaches the "law of the club", hitting Buck until he is sufficiently cowed (but the man shows some kindness after Buck stops). Buck is then sold to a pair of French-Canadian dispatchers from the Canadian government, François and Perrault, who take him with them to Alaska. There, they train him as a sled dog, and drive him through the Klondike region of Canada. From his teammates, he quickly learns to adapt to survive cold winter nights and the pack society. A rivalry develops between Buck and the lead dog, Spitz, a vicious and quarrelsome white husky. Buck eventually beats Spitz in a fight and kills him, and then becomes the team's new lead dog. When François and Perrault complete the round-trip of the Yukon Trail in record time?returning to Skagway with their dispatches?and are given new orders from the Canadian government, their team is then sold to a " Scotch half-breed" man, who is also working the mail service. The dogs must now carry heavy loads to the mining areas, and the journeys they make are tiresome and long. During this run of the trail, Buck seems to have memories of his canine ancestor hanging out with a short-legged " hairy man ". Meanwhile, the weary dogs become weak, and one of the team, Dave, a morose husky, becomes terminally sick and is eventually shot. Buck's next owners are a trio of stampeders from the American Southland (present-day contiguous the United States)?a spoiled woman called Mercedes, her sheepish husband Charles, and her arrogant brother Hal?who are inexperienced at surviving in the Northern wilderness. They struggle to control the sled and ignore helpful advice from others?in particular, the warnings that the spring melt poses dangers. When Mercedes is told her sled is too heavy, she dumps out crucial supplies in favor of fashion objects. They also foolishly create a team of 14 dogs, erroneously thinking they can go faster with more dogs. They overfeed the over-worked dogs and then are forced to starve them when the food supply becomes low. Most dogs on the team die from either weakness, neglect, or sickness?leaving only five dogs when they pull into White River. There, they meet John Thornton, an experienced outdoorsman, who notices the dogs have been poorly treated and are in a weakened condition. He warns the trio against crossing the river, but they ignore his advice and order Buck to move on. Exhausted, starving, and sensing the danger ahead, Buck refuses and continues to lie unmoving in the snow. After Buck is beaten by Hal, Thornton, disgusted by the driver's treatment of Buck, hits Hal with the butt of his ax and cuts Buck free from his traces. Unable to cross Thornton, the trio leaves and tries to cross the river with the four dogs remaining, but as Thornton warned, the ice breaks and the dogs and humans (and their sled) fall into the river and drown. Buck comes to love and grows devoted to Thornton as he nurses him back to health. He saves Thornton when the man falls into a river. After Thornton takes him on trips to pan for gold, a bonanza king (someone who hit it rich in a certain area), named Mr. Matthewson, wagers Thornton on the dog's strength and devotion. Buck wins the bet for Thornton by breaking a sled holding a half-ton (1, 000-pound (450?kg)) load of flour free of the frozen ground, pulling it 100 yards (91?m) and winning Thornton US$1, 600 in gold dust. A king of the Skookum Benches offers a large sum to buy Buck, but Thornton has grown fond of him and declines. Using his winnings, Thornton retires his debts but elects to continue searching for gold with friends Pete and Hans?sledding Buck and six other dogs?looking for a fabled Lost Cabin. Once at a suitable gold find, the dogs have nothing to do?and Buck has more ancestor-memories of hanging out with the primitive "hairy man". [3] While Thornton and his two friends are panning in a campsite, Buck hears the call of the wild, explores the wilderness, and socializes with a Northwestern wolf from a local pack. However, Buck decides not to join the wolves and elects to return to Thornton. He repeatedly goes back and forth between Thornton and the wild. When returning to the campsite after strategically killing a bull moose, he finds Hans and Pete murdered, then sees Thornton has suffered the same fate?at the hands of a group of Native-American Yeehats. Enraged, Buck kills several of the natives to avenge Thornton, and he then realizes that he has no ties to humans and the law of club and fang, and goes to find his wild brother. He encounters a hostile pack of wolves and fights them. Buck wins the fight, then finds that the same wolf he had socialized with was in the pack he fought. Buck then follows the wolf and its pack into the forest and answers the call of the wild. The legend of Buck is spread among other Native Americans as the "Ghost Dog" of the Northland (Alaska and northwestern Canada). Buck comes out of the backwoods once a year on the anniversary of his attack on the Yeehats, at the former campsite where he was last with Thornton, Hans, and Pete, in order to mourn their deaths?while each winter he heads the wolf-pack, wreaking vengeance on the Yeehats, "as he sings a song of the younger world, which is the song of the pack. " Main characters [ edit] Major dog characters: Buck, the novel's protagonist; a 140-pound St. Bernard?Scotch Collie mix who lived a happy life in California with Judge Miller. However, he was stolen and sold to the Klondike by the gardener's assistant Manuel and was forced to work in harsh conditions of being a sled dog in the Yukon. He eventually finds a loving master named John Thornton and begins to grow feral as he becomes a part of the wild with a pack of wolves. After Thornton's death, he becomes free from humanity and becomes a legend in the Klondike. Spitz, the main antagonist of the novel and Buck's arch-rival; a white-haired husky from Spitsbergen who had accompanied a geological survey into the Canadian Barrens. He has a long history as a sled-dog leader, and sees Buck's uncharacteristic ability, for a Southland dog, to adapt and thrive in the North as a threat to him. He repeatedly provokes fights with Buck, who bides his time. Dave, the "wheel dog" at the back end of the dog-team. He is brought North with Buck and Spitz and is a faithful sled-dog who only wants to be left alone and led by an effective lead-dog. During his second down-trek on the Yukon Trail, he grows mortally weak, but the men accommodate his pride by allowing him to continue to drive the sled until he becomes so weak that he is euthanized. Billie, a good-natured, appeasing husky who faithfully pulls the sled until being worked to death by Hal, Charles, and Mercedes. Joe, Billie's brother, but with an opposite personality?"sour and introspective". Spitz is unable to discipline him, but Buck, after rising to the head of the team, brings him into line. Sol-leks ("The Angry One"), a one-eyed husky who, unsurprisingly, doesn't like being approached from his blind side. Like Dave, he "expects nothing, gives nothing", and only cares about being left alone and having an effective leader. Pike, "a clever malingerer and thief"; Dub, "an awkward blunderer... always getting caught"; Teek; and Koona ?additional huskies on the Yukon-Trail dog-team. Skeet and Nig ?two Southland dogs owned by John Thornton when he acquires Buck. The Wild Brother, a lone wolf who befriends Buck. Major human characters: Judge Miller, Buck's first master who lived in Santa Clara Valley, California with his family. Unlike Thornton, he only expressed friendship with Buck, whereas Thornton expressed love. Manuel, Judge Miller's assistant who sells Buck to the Klondike to pay off his gambling debt. Perrault, a French-Canadian courier for the Canadian government who is Buck's first Northland master. François, a French-Canadian half-breed who is Perrault's partner, the musher who drives the sled dogs. Hal, an aggressive and violent musher who is Mercedes' b

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