**** Lesson 28 - Duadek-e-okesma Leciono **************************************
List of Principal Conjunctions:------------------------------------------------
ED, E, and:
OD, O, or:
OD ... OD, either ... or:
NEK, nor:
NEK ... NEK, neither ...nor:
OR, now (in argument)
NAM, for (=because):
DO, then, so (=therefore):
MA, but:
TAMEN, however, nevertheless, yet:
YEN, here is, here are:
LORE ... LORE, now ... then
KAD, KA, (question word) whether:
KE, that:
SE, if:
SIVE ... SIVE, whether ...or:
SE NE, if not:
SE ... NUR, NUR SE, provided that:
ECEPTE SE, unless:
QUALE SE, as though
QUANKAM, although:
PRO QUO? why?:
POR QUO? what for?:
DE KANDE, as soon as, since when:
POR NE, lest (with infinitive):
Compound Conjunctions:---------------------------------------------------------
In addition to the conjunctions formed from prepositions by adding 'ke', many
can be formed from adverbs in the same way:
TALE KE, so that, in such a way that:
TANTE KE, so much that:
TAM LONGE KE, as long as:
KAZE KE, in case:
KONDICIONE KE, on condition that:
UNFOYE KE, once that:
OMNAFOYE KE, each time that:
TAM OFTE KE, as often as:
TIME KE, for fear that:
TANTE PLU ... KE, all the more ... that:
QUANTE PLU ... TANTE PLU, the more ... the more:
QUANTE MIN ... TANTE MIN, the less ... the less:
TANTE PLU BONE KE, all the better ... because:
A few examples will help to understand the value of the most difficult, and
show how many others not given above can be formed. The general rule is that
"every word means one definite idea", and can be combined with another word
also meaning "one definite idea", to form the exact equivalent of any
English phrase consisting of two or more words that have often lost their
original meaning:
SE means 'if', NUR means 'only',
SE NUR (=if only) is translated 'provided that'.
DE means 'from', KANDE means 'when',
DE KANDE is translated 'since when?' or 'how long?'.
PRO means 'on account of', QUO means 'what thing',
PRO QUO is translated 'why?'
QUIK means 'immediately', KANDE means 'when',
QUIK KANDE is translated 'as soon as'.
PRO means 'on account of', TO means 'that (thing)'.
PRO TO is translated 'that's why'.
QUANTE means 'so much', MIN means 'less', TANTE means 'thus much',
QUANTE MIN ... TANTE MIN is translated 'the less ... the less'.
E.g. -
Quante min me manjas, tante min me drinkas.
The less I eat, the less I drink.
De kande vu lojas hike? Me lojas hike de un monato.
How long have you lived here? I have lived here one month.
De kande ilu arivis ... - As soon as he arrived ...
Apene ilu arivis, kande elu klozis la pordo.
He no sooner arrived than she closed the door.
Exempli:-------------------------------------------
Prepare a room in case he comes (should come). -
Preparez chambro pro la kazo se ilu venus.
In case he comes (will come), show him in. -
En la kazo ke ilu venos, enduktez ilu.
Very well; we'll take our umbrellas, in case it begins again. -
Bone; ni prenos nia parapluvi, kaze ke olu rikomencus.
And:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Very often, between an imperative and an infinitive, 'and' cannot be translated
by 'ed':
Take care and behave yourself, Take care that you behave yourself.
Sorgez ke vu kondutas bone.
Be careful and see that he does it, Carefully see that he does it.
Sorge atencez ke ilu facas ol.
Be sure and come, Fail not to come. - Ne faliez venar.
As:----------------------------------------------------------------------------
The word 'as' conveys so many different ideas, that several examples of its use
are necessary:
He came in as I spoke (=while I spoke). - Ilu envenis dum ke me parolis.
It happened as I told you (=in the way in which I told you).
Lo eventis quale me predicis a vu.
They were as like as two peas (comparison).
Li esis tam simila kam du pizi. Li tam similesis una a l'altra kam du pizi.
Great as he is, he is not infallibel (=although he is great).
Quankam ilu esas granda, ilu esas eroriva.
Much as I regret it.. (=however much ..) - Irge quante me regretas olu ...
Such as have anything to say .. (=those who) - Ti qui havas ulo dicenda ..
It's pluck as does it (=which causes success).
La audaco esas to quo sucesigas.
As you are angry, you should not speak (=because you are angry).
Pro ke vu iracas, vu devas silencar.
Kom and Quale:---(IFA23)-------------------------------------------------------
These both translate 'as', or 'like', but while 'kom' implies identity,
'quale' only marks resemblance: He was received like a king.
(and he was a king). - Ilu esis aceptata kom rejo.
(though he was not a king). - Ilu esis aceptata quale rejo.
He appeared as Hamlet (in the character of Hamlet).
Ilu aparis quale Hamlet. But, Ilu aparis kom Hamlet (in the theatre).
I do not speak as an expert (as one who was an expert would).
Me ne parolas kom experto.
Nor:---------------------------------------------------------------------------
At the beginning of a sentence or clause, 'nor' means: 'and not'
Nor was he tired. - Ed ilu ne esis fatigita.
Nor ... either is translated 'nek ... anke':
I am not tired, nor he either. - Me ne esas fatigita, nek ilu anke.
XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Ek la unesma chapitro dil Injenioza Hidalgo DON QUIJOTE DE LA MANCHA ----------
Ula vilajo-n en la Mancha, di qua nomon me preferas ne memorigar, ne tre multa
tempo ante nun habitis hidalgo, qua havis sen-uza lanco, anciena shildo, tenua
kavalo e kurema levriero.
Why "ula vilajon" but not "ula vilajo"?
Because .... "Ula vilajon" here really means "En ula vilajo".
"-n" can replace an appropriate but suppressed preposition.
Me pensas la ideo. -> Me pensas pri la ideo. -> Pri la ideo me pensas. ->
La ideon me pensas -> Me pensas la ideon. = Me pensas pri la ideo.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sociolinguistics
Linguistic Repertoire and Communicative Competence
Linguistic or verbal repertoire is "the set of language varieties used in the
speaking and writing practices of a speech community" (Finegan 2004, glossary).
In other words, the linguistic repertoire of a speech community includes all
the linguistic varieties (registers, dialects, styles, accents, etc.) which
exist in this community. In monolingual speech communities this repertoire is
made up of varieties of one single language. In multilingual speech communities
(e.g. in Switzerland or India) it may be comprised of several languages and may
include linguistic varieties of all these languages.
The linguistic repertoire of one individual speaker is determined by the
language varieties that he or she knows and uses within his or her speech
community (= active and passive knowledge).
A speaker`s verbal repertoire defines his or her individual communicative
competence.
Communicative competence is the ability to not only construct grammatically
correct sentences but also to apply language correctly and appropriately, i.e.
with respect to different social speech situations. A competent speaker is able
to vary his or her language by applying different registers and styles.
Do onu mustas profunde komprenar individuo por vere komunikar kun lu.
A La Princeto
********* Quale des'facila la Angla! *********
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. Do you have the time?
2. Do you have time?
A. Do you have the time? : Qua kloko esas nun?
B. Sure, it's 6:50. : Segun mea horlojo, esas sis kloki kinadek.
A. Do you have time? : Ka tu deziras (sexu-)ludar kun me?
B. I'm not that kind of person. : Me ne esas tal'speca persono.
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. Close the window.
2. Close that window.
A. Close the window. I'm freezing.
Klozez la fenestro. Me frostetas.
B. Not now. I'm letting in some fresh air.
Ma ne nun, nam me en'irigas kelka fresha aero.
A. Close that window! I'm going to catch a cold.
Klozez ta fenestro! Me esas prenesonta da kataro./Me preneskos kataro.
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. I'd like a coke.
2. I'd like coke.
A. I'd like a coke. : Me deziras kolao*./ Me prenas kolao*.
B. For here or to go. : Drinkebla o portebla?
A. To go, please. : Portebla, pliz.
A. I'd like coke. : Me deziras kokaino./ Vendez a me' kokaino.
B. It's $200 a gram. : Kustas 200 dolari po gramo.
A. I don't care. I just want it. : Ne sucias la preco. Mustas havar olu.
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. I'm in a hurry.
2. I'm in a hurry, please.
A. Where to? : Ad'ube?
B. The airport. I'm in a hurry. : A la aero'portuo. E me hastas.
A. Are you ready to order? : Ka vu esas pronta komendar?
B. What do you recommend? I'm in a hurry.
Quon vu rekomendas? Nam me mustas hastar.
A. Waiter, is my order ready yet?
Garsono! Ka mea komendajo ja esas pronta?
B. I'll check and see. : Me irez por certigar.
A. I'm in a hurry, please.
Acelerez! Me hastas quale tu facile vidas lo. Ho, Lala!
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. Am I missing anything?
2. Am I missing something?
A. Hurry up. We need to leave.
Hastez. Ni mustas departar.
B. Am I missing anything?
Ka me oblivias irgo? Me ne kredas ke me oblivius irgo. Me esas pronta.
A. We'd better leave now.
Ni devus/as departar nun.
B. Okay, but am I missing something?
Okida*, ma me kredas ke me oblivias ulo.
Are you going somewhere? : Me kredas ke vu iras ad'ulube, ka No?
Are you going anywhere? : Me ne kredas ke vu irus ad'irgube, kad Yes?
Is someone there? : Kad ulu esas ibe? Me supozas ke ulu esas ibe.
Is anyone there? : Kad irgu esus ibe? Me dubas ke irgu esus ibe.
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. Let's go get a drink.
2. Let's go drinking.
A. Let's go get a drink.
Ni irez por drinkar alkoholaji.
B. Okay, sure.
Certe okida*!
A. Wat are you doing Saturday night?
Quon tu facos yel nokto dil nexta saturdio?
B. Nothing. Let's go drinking.
Nulon specala. Ni do drinkez por esar ebria.
A. May father drinks. : Mea patro esas alkoholika.
B. Is that so? Is he alcoholic? : Vere? Ka lu fakte esas alkoholika?
A. Oh, No! My father likes to have a drink. : Ho, No! Lu prizas drinkar..
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. What's the spelling?
2. What's the spell?
A. How do you spell your name?
Quale vu espelas vua nomo?
B. Okay. H-O-C-H-F-E-L-D.
Okida*! H-O-C-H-F-E-L-D.
A. Could you spell it for me?
Ka vu voluntus espelar olu por me?
B. Okay, sure. A-N-T-H-R-O-P-O-L-O-G-Y.
Certe okida*! A-N-T-R-O-P-O-L-O-G-I-O.
A. I can make him fall in love with you.
Me povas igar ilu amorar tu.
B. Really? What's the spell?
Kad vere? Quo esas tua sorco?
A. It's a secret.
To esas (mea) sekretajo.
=========================================================================
Yo Idistaro: Onu dicas.. Needless to say, none of us noticed the mistake.
=========================================================================
1. Let's go to bed.
2. Let's go to the bed.
A. It's getting late. Let's to to bed.
Ja tardesas. Ni do dormeskez.
B. It's already 1:00. Let's go to sleep.
Esas ja un kloko. Ni ya dormez.
A. You are so hot. I can't control myself.
Tu esas multe sexual. Me ne povas guvernar me.
B. No, not here.
No, ne hike.
A. Let's go to the bed.
Se tal, ad'sur la lito.
=========================================================================
Sro Jonathan WICKENS: Needless to say, Ido is not "a piece of cake". (:-P
=========================================================================
De: Jonathan Wickens
Ye: Wed Aug 15, 2007 5:59 am
Pri: Me Ipsa ed Ido
Che IdoLerneyo: http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/idolerneyo/
> Saluto Amiki!
> (A Winnie, anke me esas nova en Idia.) Hodie, me iris a liceo (Usa'ana
> publika skolo) itere. Me esis en somero-vakanco.
> Ye ica somero me havis lernar-experienco (quale formacar "gerundio" en
> Ido? Kad "gerundio" esas adjektival formo di verbo?) en lingui. Me ex-
> ploris Ido ed lernis altra lingui quala "lojban".
> Nun me kredas ke Ido esas bela linguo, ma me ne kredas ke Ido devus es-
> ar la linguo por la tota mondo. Me kredas ke Ido devas esar la linguo
> nur por Europa. Ni povas pluse unionar la mondo se ni asemblas regioni
> di la mondo. ((Ma regretinde BYT ne komprenas la lasta frazo.:-P))
> Me imaginas la tempo kande Afrika ganos un linguo unionita, ed anke la
> (multe plu developita) Europana-Uniono regardos sua linguala uneso. Til
> tala fortunajo, mem Esperanto ne sucesos divenar l'internaciona-linguo.
> Ma mea realajo esas trista. Me ne havas sata tempo por studiar Ido. Ta-
> men me ne dicas ke me cesos lernar Ido, me dicas, danke la sendaji, ke
> sen li, me ne parolus Ido nul-tempe. Me prizas Ido, ed dankas vi pro la
> aktivesi en idolerneyo!
Se vu plus lernos Ido, vu povos komprenar to quon me predikas a vu quale:
Onu ne bezonas unionita linguo, se lu povas vivar en sate mikra ambianco.
Esas nur giganta ekonomio' ta qua demandas l'unionita linguo ultre metral
sistemo quala metri, grami, litri, Celsiusa gradi edc., e kalendario edc.
Afrika ne meritas unionita linguo, pro ke lua ekonomio esas tro ne'matura
por havar e mantenar un. Recente India sucesabas realigar granda ekonomio
ne per sua propra linguo ma per l'Angla. Chinia nun pretendas atingar sat
granda ekonomio per sua unionita China linguo. Tamen lia ekonomio ad'vere
esas frajila, pro ke tre multa Chini falias par'lernar la unionita China.
USA juas la maxim grand ekonomio sur la mondo per sua championatra linguo
l'Angla. Japonia juas la duesme granda ekonomio kam ta di Anglia, Francia
e Germania kombinita' per sua feroca Japona linguo, pro ke la omna membri
di Japonia parlernabas la linguo. Fakte til nun me ne renkontrabas Japono
qua ne komprenas l'unionita Japona, irge quale lu parolas sua "dialekto".
Japono ne bezonas l'Angla, se lu deziras ganar granda richeso en Japonia.
Co esas ke mem ne'Japona Japoniani quala Chini, Korei* edc. povas divenar
richi se li par'lernabas la Japona por trovar komercal afero apta por si.
Tragedio esas ke Europa til nun ne sucesabas selektar sua unionita linguo
por pluse grandigar sua ekonomio, konkurencante kun forta Japonia ed USA.
L'EU ne afordas* expektar plu komfortoza ekonomio sen sua unionita linguo
apta e facila por singla membri di Europa. Do anke me kredas ke Ido devas
esar la linguo nur por Europa. Qui altra bezonas Ido por esar plu felica?
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Toyre kumt nit b'yerushe. Onu ne heredas la lernado. (Mea Yida proverbo)
Wem nicht zu raten ist, dem ist auch nicht zu helfen. (Germana proverbo)
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