Ido-Skolo

Personal Pronouns:-------------------------------------------------------------
By now most of the personal pronouns have been introduced,

but for easy reference they are listed together below. me - I/me : tu - you : vu - you il, ilu - he/him el, elu - she/her ol, olu - it (for an inanimate thing or an animal)

When you don't want to make the sex apparent, you can use ....

lu - he or she li (ili/eli) - they/them

oli - they/them (for inanimate things or animals)

Because oli doesn't have any sex except animals,
you don't have to use li to hide its sex.

ni - we/us : vi - you on/onu - one/they/people

When you especially want to express the plurality of "on/onu",
you can use the unofficial form for your own responsibility: oni

When necessary,

the gender of they/them may be indicated by using the fuller forms: 'ili' for the masculine, 'eli' for the feminine, and 'oli' for the neuter. And similarly in the singular 'lu' is the common gender form of il, el corresponding to 'li' in the plural; it is convenient in such sentences as: If the reader desires fuller details, let him or her (lu) turn to page XXX.

Onu/On - one/they/people:

Onu/On dicez to quon on volas. - Let people say what they like.

The reflexive pronoun is 'su':

himself/herself/itself/themselves (third person only). Ilu lavas su. - He washes himself. Li lavas su. - They wash themselves. Ilu manjis sua pomi, elu manjis sui - He ate his apples, she ate hers. But: Me lavas me. - I wash myself. Vu lavas vu. - You wash yourself.

/Note/

1) 'tu' refers to one person only. It shows affection towards the person addressed, and is therefore only to be used in special circumstances: a) within the family, b) between close friends, c) when addressing small children, d) perhaps when addressing an animal or pet. 2) 'vu' also refers to one person only. It is the usual word for 'you'. 3) 'vi' refers to more than one person, and is the plural of both 'tu' and 'vu'.

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- I/Me - Me : We/Us - Ni : She/Her - Elu : He/Him - Ilu : It - Olu :
They/Them - Li

You (a close friend) - Tu You(a complete stranger) - Vu
You (addressing a friendly dog) - Tu You (more than one person) - Vi

Exempli:MP3

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Are you good? - Ka vu esas/es bona?
I am a dentist. - Me esas/es dentisto.
You are a doctor. - Vu esas/es mediko.
You are beautiful. - Tu esas/es bela.
It is in the house. - Olu esas/es en la domo.
You are good doctors. - Vi esas/es bona mediki.
He has a good friend. - Ilu havas bona amiko.
We are reading your books. - Ni lektas vua libri.
She likes beautiful flowers. - Elu prizas bela flori.
They are chasing the horses. - Li chasas la kavali.

Past Tense:--------------------------------------------------------------------
In the previous lessons we have been using the present tense verb ending -as

which shows that the action is taking place now. By changing this ending to -is, we can form the past tense: elu kantis - she sang/ she has sung/ she was singing/ she did sing. me manjis - I ate/ I have eaten/ I was eating/ I did eat

The ending -is is used for any action that has happened or was happening in the

past, and so it can be translated into English in several different ways.

You may think that to cover all these different shades of English meaning with

just one tense could cause confusion. On rare occasions this could be so, but you will learn later on other forms of expression which avoid any such possible confusion. The -is ending is not the only way of expressing the past, but it is the easiest and most convenient.

VERB:---------------------------------------------------------(-> IFA09)-------
The present infinitive of verbs ends in -ar (bearing the accent on -ar):

kredar [kre-DARR] - to believe, donar [do-NARR] - to give.

The present tense ends in -as:

me kredas [KRE-das]- I believe, me donas [DO-nas] - I give.

The past infinitive ends in -ir (accented):

kredir [kre-DIRR] - to have believed, donir [do-NIRR] - to have given.

The past tense ends in -is:

Me kredis [KRE-dis] - I believed/ I have believed. Me donis [DO-nis] - I gave/ I have given.

Vortaro:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ek - out of, fabrikerio [fa-bri-KE-ryo] - factory, fantomo - ghost,
foresto - forest, heme - at home, malada - ill/sick, multa - much/many,
nova - new, pro - because of, queris - fetched, restis - stayed,
tro - too (much), wiskio - whisky, nam - for/since, pro ke - because

Exempli:MP3

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- I am. - Me esas. I was. - Me esis. I have. - Me havas. I had. - Me havis.
We are going, We went. - Ni iras, Ni iris.
He was going, He went. - Ilu iris. I go. - Me iras. I went. - Me iris.
I visited. - Me vizitis. He has visited. - Ilu vizitis.
He did eat. - Ilu manjis. I am eating. - Me manjas. She works. - Elu laboras.
She was working. - Elu laboris. The dog drank. - La hundo drinkis.

He had a big cake. - Ilu havis granda kuko.
I also drank whisky. - Me anke drinkis wiskio.
They read many books. - Li lektis multa libri.
I went to the forest. - Me iris a la foresto.
I visited the factory. - Me vizitis la fabrikerio.
I went to the new pub. - Me iris a la nova drinkerio.
It was drinking whisky. - Olu drinkis wiskio.
We went into the garden. - Ni iris aden la gardeno.
I drank too much whisky. - Me drinkis tro multa wiskio.
The new teacher saw you. - La nova instruktisto vidis vi.
I walked out of the town. - Me promenis ek la urbo.
The doctor stayed at home. - La mediko restis heme.
My dog fetched the doctor. - Mea hundo queris la mediko.
In the forest I saw a ghost. - En la foresto me vidis fantomo.
She often worked in the factory. - Elu ofte laboris en la fabrikerio.
I was ill because of the whisky. - Me esis malada pro la wiskio.
But the doctor was also ill and he didn't come. -

Ma la mediko esis anke malada ed ilu ne venis.

Vortaro:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
ante nun - ago, amiko - friend, dii - days, facas - do/does, facila - easy,
fine - finally, horo - hour, ja - already, kelka - some, komencis - began,
komprenas - understands, kordiala - cordial, kurta - short, lektas - reads,
laute - loud (adverb), lernas - learns, letro - letter, linguo - language,
nova - new, omna-die - every day, pose - afterwards, saluto - greeting,
sempre - always, skribas - writes, studiar - to study, texto - text,
traduko - translation, trovas - finds, dum - for, ye - at/in/on

Letro:MP3

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- Pri linguo internaciona (international language)------------------------ Ka vu ja lernas la nova linguo internaciona?
Me komencis studiar olu ye kelka dii ante nun, e me trovas

ke olu esas vere tre facila. Omna-die me lektas texto dum un horo; me sempre lektas laute, nam oportas ke ni tre ofte lektez laute.

Pose me facas kurta traduko e fine me skribas letro en la nova linguo.
Ka vu komprenas to? Kun kordiala saluto, Vua amiko,

Vortifado:---------------------------------------------------------------------
Here are some more useful affixes:

-er- (one who habitually does something, amateur): fumero - smoker voyajero - traveller -er- (also used for animals or things characterized by an habitual

action):

reptero - reptile remorkero - tug (-boat)

-ist- (meaning: a person who does something professionally): koquisto - a cook instruktisto - a teacher skribisto - a writer artisto - artist dentisto - dentist fotografisto - a professional photographer (Cp. fotografero, an amateur photographer) -ist- (also indicates an adherent of a party or school of thought): Idisto - Idist komunisto - communist socialisto - socialist idealisto - idealist

-ism- (system, doctrine, party): socialismo - socialism Katolikismo - Catholicism

-an- (member of a community, country, town or body): partisano - partisan societano - society member Parisano - Parisian Kanadano - Canadian

-ier- (who or what bears or is characterized by): pomiero - apple-tree roziero - rose-bush milioniero - millionaire -ier- (also in a few words, holder): plumiero - pen-holder sigariero - cigar-holder

Note that all suffixes are added to the root of the word they are modifying,

i.e. the grammatical ending is removed: skribas (writes), root = skrib, skribisto - writer polico (police), root = polic, policisto - policeman

Vortaro:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
chambro - room, desneta - dirty, dormo-chambro - bedroom, facis - made/did,
fakte - in fact, fratulo - brother, heme - at home, hemo - a home,
kande - when, koquas - cooks, koquero - cook, laboris - worked,
ledro - leather, ma - but, matro - mother, neta - clean, netigas - cleans,
nia - our, nun - now, nur - only, plastiko - plastic,
puero - child (7 years to adolescence), restas - stays, shuo - shoe,
shu-fabrikerio - shoe factory, tota - all/whole

Words of one gender:-(A few words are of one gender only)----------------------
As we have seen before, living things can be made male or female by adding

the suffixes -ul- or -in-. Originally there were no exceptions to this. However it was found convenient to include in the language one or two very common words of one gender only: patro (father), matro (mother), viro (adult man), muliero (woman)

Vortifado:---------------------------------------------------------------------
Here are some more useful affixes:

The suffix -id denotes offspring: Izraelido - Israelite bo- (-in-law): bopatro - father-in-law

Mea Matro:MP3

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---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mea matro restas heme. Elu laboras en la hemo. Elu netigas la chambri. Me esas/es neta, ma mea fratulo esas/es tre desneta. Do la matro ofte netigas nia dormo-chambro. Fakte la matro netigas la tota domo. Elu anke koquas por ni. Elu esas/es tre bona koquero. Kande me esis puero, elu laboris en la shu-fabrikerio. Elu facis shui ek ledro e plastiko. Nun elu ne laboras en la fabrikerio ma elu laboras nur por ni. Elu esas/es tre bona matro.

Adverb:------------------------------------------------------------------------
An adverb is a word which describes in some way how, when or where an action

is, was, or will be done. If we take for example 'he worked', it may be that 'he worked' + 'well' or 'badly' or 'often' or 'quickly', and so on.

In English most adverbs end in -ly, but not all. The equivalent ending in Ido

is -e. All Ido adjectives can be made into adverbs by changing the -a ending to -e: mala - bad -> male - badly, rapida - fast/rapid -> rapide - rapidly danjeroza - dangerous -> danjeroze - dangerously

Vortaro:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
rapida - fast, ecelanta - excellent, ecelante - excellently, multa - much,
multe - a lot, treno - train

Exempli:MP3

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------- He works well. - Ilu laboras bone.
He teaches badly. - Ilu instruktas male.
The child is good. - La puero esas/es bona.
The teacher is bad. - La instruktisto esas/es mala.
The train went fast. - La treno iris rapide.
She cooks excellently. - Elu koquas ecelante.
They like cakes a lot. - Li multe prizas kuki.
We saw the fast train. - Ni vidis la rapida treno.
The cook is excellent. - La koquisto esas/es ecelanta.
He has a good many friends. - Ilu havas multa amiki.

Vortaro:-----------------------------------------------------------------------
alumeto - match, butiko - shop, butikisto - shopkeeper, certe - certainly,
chanco - luck, desfortunoza - unfortunate, fino - end, helpas - helps,
hiere - yesterday, kliento - customer, kun - with, matino - morning,
merkato - market, monato - month, obliviis [ob-LI-vyis] - forgot,
pagas - pays, paketo - packet, pro - because of, pro quo - why,
quon - what, sempre - always, servas [SERR-vas] - serves,
sigareto - cigarette, vakanco - holiday, vetero - weather, ye - at

Konversado:MP3

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------- En la butiko (B=Butikisto, M=Mary) -------------------------------- B: Bon matino, Maria! Quon vu deziras?
M: Bon matino, Sioro Harris! Me deziras paketo de sigareto e buxo de alumeti

por mea matro, ed anke botelo de lakto.

B: Ka vu pagas nun o ye la fino di la monato?
M: Me ne pagas nun. Me obliviis mea pekunio. Fakte, Petro havas olu, ed ilu es

en la merkato. Ka Siorino Harris ne helpas vu hodie?

B: No, elu havas vakanco. Elu iris hiere a London.
M: Elu certe havas bona chanco. La vetero es bela. Pro quo vu ne iris kun

elu?

B: Pro la butiko. Me restas hike e servas la klienti.
M: Butikisti es tre desfortunoza.
B: Yes, ni sempre laboras.


XXXXX << The unofficial world of Ido >> XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX


Mr. Shawn KOVAC presented his "ware" on the market of Ido.
If in the future Arabic and Hebrew speaking people would join in with
the world of Ido, his "ware" might be useful and widely bought.

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------------------------------------------------------------------ Olim Sro Shawn KOVAC skribis quale ...

'Me', 'vu', 'tu', 'ni' e 'vi' ne havas maskula o femina formo.
Ma en la Hebrea, pronomi esas sive maskula sive femina. Exemple 'vu'
havas maskula e femina formi ([heb] 'at' ed 'ata'). Me opinionas ke
kom internaciona linguo' Ido bezonas posedar ad'maxime quar formi por
ne'determinita, maskula, femina, ed neutra' quala 'lu', 'ilu', 'elu',
ed 'olu', respektive.

Me do propozas ca nova pronomi:
me (nedeterminita)
ime* (maskula genro)
eme* (femina genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------ ome* (neutra genro, quala komputoral voco parolanta)

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------------------------------------------------------------------

tu = you (nedeterminita)
itu* = you (maskula genro)
etu* = you (femina genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------ otu* = you (neutra genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------

vu (nedeterminita)
ivu* (maskula genro)
evu* (femina genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------ ovu* (neutra genro, quale kontre komputoro od irga kozo personatra)

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------------------------------------------------------------------

lu (nedeterminita)
ilu od il (maskula genro)
elu od el (femina genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------ olu (neutra genro) : Precipue por ne'vivanta kozo

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------------------------------------------------------------------

ni (nedeterminita) : quale en Hispana 'nosotros'
ini* (maskula genro) : quale en Hispana 'nosotros'
eni* (femina genro) : quale en Hispana 'nosotras'

vi (nedeterminita) : quale en Hispana 'ustedes'
ivi* (maskula genro)
evi* (femina genro)

li (nedeterminita)
ili (maskula genro)
eli (femina genro)

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------------------------------------------------------------------ oli (neutra genro) : Precipue por ne'vivanta kozi

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------------------------------------------------------------------

Me ne propozas la neutra-genra formi di 'ni' e 'vi', pro ke li nu esus
'oni' ed 'ovi', ma 'ovi' es ja uzata kom substantivo. :)

Me fakte pensas ke la plurala neutra formi esas min utila.
Lo maxim bezonata esas la maskula e femina formi di la tota pronomi.

• Humilulo <><

Exempli:MP3

En la Araba formala

Kayfa h.aaluka? Quale ivu standas?
Kayfa h.aaluki? Quale evu standas?

'Anaa t.aalib. Ime esas studento.
'Anaa t.aaliba. Eme esas studento.


En la Araba ne'formala en Egiptia

Anaa 3aasif. Exkuzez ime.
Anaa 3asfa. Exkuzez eme.

Anaa t.aaleb. Ime esas studento.
Anaa t.aaleba. Eme esas studento.

Enta bitetkallem el-ingliizii? Kad ivu parolas la Angla?
Enti bitetkallemi el-ingliizii? Kad evu parolas la Angla?


En la Ivrit

Ani student. Ime esas studento.
Ani studentit. Eme esas studento.

Medaber Anglit? Kad ivu parolas la Angla?
Medaberet Anglit? Kad evu parolas la Angla?

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-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Onu ne komprenas pro quo ne trovesas la pluralo di "tu" en nia Europana
lingui o patuazi*. Kompreneble, pro ke onu ya povas karear olu, ka No?
Se onu vere indijus la pluralo di "tu", olu de longe existabus che ni.

La logikal fakto esas ke "vu e vi" suficas sen "tu" quale en la Angla.
Ma pro quo ni ankore uzas "tu" dum ke ni ya kareas la pluralo di "tu"?

Ni kelka'tempe deziras o mustas expresar "privata intimeso" per "tu" a
nia amiko, mem ne'familial infanto e puero apud la familiani. Tamen ni
ne povas facile fabrikar kelke granda quanteso de "privata intimeso" a
plura homi, pro ke lo postulas multa energio. Lore ni uzas "vi" vicee.
Kande ni ad'vokas irgu per "tu", ni konsumas extra energio kam a "vu".

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音声データ
05A
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05B
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05C
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05D
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05E
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05F
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05G
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