Ido-Skolo

How to translate the English -ING:---------------------------------------------
The Englsih termination -ing seldom is a real present participle that can't be

translated by -anta. The following rules cover most cases:

(1) Use -anta only if the word in -ing is a true verbal adjective, qualifying

a noun and therefore can be replaced by a verb, with 'who' or 'which': A crying child, a child who cries. - Krianta infanto. A gratiflying resul, a result which gratifies. - Kontentiganta rezulto.

(2) In most cases, -ing is merely a noun of action:

to beat, a beating to brush, a brushing to institute, instituting Such nouns are rendered by the simple termination -o, which, when the root is a verb, precisely means action: batar, bato brosar, broso institucar, instituco If it is intended to convey an idea of particular duration, use -ado: to dance - dansar, a dance - danso, dancing - dansado Young people are fond of dancing. - La yuni prizas dansado. Angling is a pleasant pastime. (Angel-) peskado esas agreabla tempo-pasigivo. Constant travelling is bad for the nerves. La sempra voyajado nocas la nervi. In the last two examples, the simple form 'pesko','voyajo' would mean catching a fish (not catching fish), and a journey (not travelling).

(3) At the beginning of a sentence or clause, the word in -ing should be

translated by -anta, if it could be or is preceded by a preposition or conjunciton like 'while', 'in','on': Replying to your letter (=in reply to your letter). Respondante a vua letro. On coming in, I saw her. - Enirante, me vidis elu. I spoke to him standing (=while standing). - Stacante, me parolis ad ilu. Taking his hat, he went out. - Prenante lua chapelo, ilu ekiris. If the word in -ing is the auxiliary to 'have', then the past participle of the second verb must be used: Having spoken thus, he sat down. - Tale parolinte, ilu sideskis. Having been in the place, I know it. Esinte en la loko, me konocas ol, or Pro ke me esis en la loko,...

(4) After a preposition, the word in -ing is the equivalent of an infinitive,

as English prepostions, except 'to', govern the participle: Before going away (=before to-go-away). - Ante departar. After speaking (=after to-have-spoken). - Pos parolir. Instead of writing (=instead of to-write). - Vice skribar. After answering her letter. - Pos respondir ad elua letro.

Note. - 'While' is a conjunction ('during' being the corresponding prepositon):

While running, they fell down. - Dum ke li kuris (Dum lia kuro), li falis.

(5) A large number of cases cannot be classified under any of the above heads,

but a few examples will suffice: (a) - (i) (a) Angry for being disturbed (=angry because one distrubed him) Iracante pro ke on trublis ilu. (b) Particular ways of doing things (=to do things). Specala manieri facar kozi. (c) He was far from appreciating her good qualities (=he certainly did not value highly her good qualities). Ilu certe ne alte prizis elua bona qualesi. (d) He agreed with her in liking sweets (=he agreed with her in that thing, that they two liked sweets). Ilu akordis kun elu en to ke li du prizis sukraji. ...or Ilu akordis kun elu en prizar sukraji. (e) I can't help loving the child (=I cannot stop loving the child). Me ne povas ne amar la infanto. (f) They hindered him from running. - Li impedis ke ilu kurez. (g) She intended coming yesterday (=she intended to come). Elu intencis venar hiere. (h) Ouf of hearing (=not able-to-be-reached by a call). Ne-atingebla per voko, or Exter voko (out of call), or Ja ne-vokebla (=already not call-able). (i) A boarding-house - gasteyo An eating-house - restorerio A dining-room - manjo-chambro A walking-stick - promen-batono A sitting-room - saloneto A swimming-bath - nateyo A writing-table - skribo-tablo A drawing-pencil - desegno-krayono A camping outfit - acesori di kamp(ad)o

(6) If the word is -ing is the subject of a verb,

use either the infinitive or the noun form: Smoking is bad for the health. - Fumar esas mala por la saneso.

(7) If the word in -ing is preceded by to be, use the simple form of the verb:

I am calling you. - Me vokas vu.

How to translate the English "to":---------------------------------------------

I didn't know where to get the bus.
Me ne savis ube acensar l'omnibuso.

I need something with which to write.
Me bezonas ulo per qua (onu povez) skribar

Hobbies give a person something to love and something in which to find freedom.
Hobii* donas ad onu ulo por amar ed ulo en qua (onu povez) trovar libereso.

He had the kindness to take me to the hospital.
Ilu montris l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo.
Che ilu existis l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo.
Che ilu esis l'amikeso di portar me a la hospitalo.
Ilu do povis montrar l'amikeso di facar altra kozi (querar ambulanco).

Tamen se onu exkluzas "di" del frazo supera, ....
Che ilu esis l'amikeso portar me a la hospitalo.
Portar me a la hospitalo esis l'amikeso che ilu.
Portar me a la hospitalo esis l'amikeso por ilu.
Ilu do ne pensis pri l'amikeso di facar altra kozi.


You are to apologize to her for it.
Vu devas exkuzar vu ad elu pro to.

The ring was not to be found anywhere.
Onu nul'loke povis trovar la ringo.



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How to get the most of -ir, -ar, -or and -ur* ---------------------------------

La kakio* (Japanese persimmon) esas dolca frukto kande olu esas tre matura.
Tamen kande olu esas pre'matura, la kakio* esas fulminante bitra en la boko.

Yel lasta yaro me hazarde manjis kakio* pre'matura pro ke me mis'komprenis olu
ye/esar suficante matura. Me nun regretas ke me manjis kakio* pre'matura. =

== Me regretas manj-ir kakio pre'matura. ==

Me nun anke hazarde manjas kakio* pre'matura pro ke mea okuli senileskas.
Ho, ve! Me multe regretas ke me manjas kakio* pre'matura pro acidenteto. =

== Me regretas manj-ar kakio pre'matura. == Me ne darfas sputar olu avan dami.

Tamen mea cerebro anke senileskas. Me promisis ad un de mea amiki ke me morge
manjos kakio* pre'matura por pruvar mea kurajo virala kom puniso pro pario.
Me ne povas ne regretar pro mea foleso ke me manjos kakio* pre'matura. =

== Me regretas manj-or kakio pre'matura. ==

Me multe regretas ke me promisis stultajo ad un de mea amiki. =
Me multe regretas promisir la stultajo a mea amiko.

Se me ne promisus, me nun esus tre sekura e felica.
Me wishas es-ur* plu prudenta. Do "formo di -ur*" esas tre utila en Ido.