Ido-Skolo

PREFIXES

anti-: contra-: against, counter, opposing. Used only in a few scientific

terms : anti-bakterio, bactericide ; anti-vermo, vermifuge. Ordinarily the preposition "kontre" is used instead of and in the same sense as anti- : kontre-Juda, (kontre-Yuda*) anti-semitic ; kontre-skorbuta, anti-scorbutic. The use of anti- therefore should be confined strictly to cases where the prefix has been definitely approved by the scientific and technical committees.

arki-: arch-, of eminent degree, chief. Used especially in titles :

arki-duk(ul)o, archduke; arki-episkopo, archbishop.

bo-: indicates relationship by marriage, as :

bo-patrulo, father-in-law; bo-fratino, sister-in-law.

bi-: two-, Used in scientific terms, as :

bi-kapa, bicephalous ; bi-loba, bilobate. The numeral "du" can be used to express the same idea: du-kapa, two-headed, bicephalous. Note : Mono-: quadri-: quinqua-, sexa-. septua-. okto-, nona- are likewise prefixes often used with technical terms.

des-: (as found in the English words : destruct, destroy) denoting the direct

opposite of the idea to which it is prefixed, as : des-agreabla, disagreeable; des-charjar, to unload; des-equilibr-igar, to unbalance; des-bel-igar, to disfigure. Note : For the difference between des- and ne- see note under ne- in the dic- tionary. It should have been added that in distinction from ne-, which ex- presses simple negation, sen- expresses the idea of privation or lack, as : sen-denta, without teeth; sen-hara, hairless.

dis-: denotes separation or dispersion; apart, asunder:

dis-part-igar, or dis-pec-igar, to dismember; dis-pozar, to dispose, lay out dis-ruptar, to disrupt; dis-donar, to distribute (promiscuously). Used with verbal roots.

elk*-: e-. electric. As in elk*-letro, e-mail

'e-', kom prefixo por komunikado komputorala, semblas tro mikra, tro des'facile audebla kompare kun la Angla e-[i:]. Onu ne facile mis'audas elk*- per telefono, kad Yes? Tamen en kazo di "e-", pos ke onu recevabas suficanta "e-e"xperienco del "e-e"dukado, lu komencas "e-a"fero (e-business), "e-k"omercante_"e-v"ari per "e-l"etri kun klienti.

ek- {prep}: out of (motion from; made or extracted from; fractional part of),

out from, (US) out (forth from), of (made of) el portis ol ek la chambro : she carried it out of (US: out) the room irar ek la domo : go out of (US: out) the house sis ek dek : six out of ten vazo ek oro : gold vase ek'irar = to go out, get out, walk out ek'apareskar = to appear to be, to turn out to be Ek'apareskabas ke ni lernis en la sama skolo.

ex-: ex-, late, former, retired. Indicates one who formerly held a position :

ex-prezidanto, ex-president; ex-oficiro, a former officer.

gala-: gala-. This is properly an adjective but is used in a few instances as

the first element of a composed word: gala-festo, gala festival; gala-robe, a gala robe.

ge-: denotes both sexes taken together : ge-patri, father and mother, parents;

ge-siori, Mr. and Mrs-, ladies and gentlemen. Note: This prefix is to be used only when it is desired to emphasize the pre- sence of both sexes. In direct derivation (simple endings in -ar, -o, -a), substantives in general denote undetermined sex, therefore, simple "patri" translates the idea of parents, and "siori" that of ladies and gentlemen. In modern standard Ido "ge-patri" has been substituted with "genitori".

mi-: half; partly, semi-, demi-, in the sense of less than is usual, full and

normal: mi-cirklo, half-circle; ml-horo, half an hour; mi-fratulo, hall-brother; mi-lumo, half-light, twilight; mi-ombre, half-shade, partial shadow; ml-mortinta : half-dead (cf. quaz-a, -e); mi-mond-umo : demi-monde.

neben*-: vice-. Indicates one who would act in the place of an authentic

person in the position in case of emergency. neben*-prezidanto, vice-president, vice-chairman

mis-: denotes erroneous, wrong action; used with verbal roots:

mis-komprenar, to misunderstand; mis-pronuncar, to mispronounce; mis-prezentar, to misrepresent; mis-uzo, misuse.

ne-: (adv. used as prefix) not, non-, un-, in-, im-, ir- :

ne-savar, to be ignorant of; ne-posibla, impossible ; ne-populara, unpopular; ne-responsiva, irresponsible; (cf. des-).

par-: (used especially with verbal roots) denoting perfection or thorough com-

pletion of an action: par-lernar, to learn thoroughly; par-plugar, to plow thoroughly; par-lektar, to read thoroughly or through to the very end; par-facer, to do thoroughly, to complete; par-irar, to go (through) to the end.

para-: (with substantive roots) denoting protection against, something to

ward off : para-fairo, a screen or protection against fire, a fire-guard; para-fulmino, some sort of a protection against lightning, a lightning conductor; para-pluvo, a protection against rain, an umbrella; para-vento, a wind-shield.

pra-: pra-, before ; replaces the preposition "ante" in composed words:

pre-datizar, to antedate; pre-destinar, to predestine; pre-dicar, to predict; pre-hiere, (on the) day before yesterday ; pre-avino, great-grandmother.

pseudo*-: pseudo, false, counterfeit, as in English. A rarely used prefix.

quadri-: quadri-, quadru-: quad- ; four ; used chiefly in scientific words:

quadri-latera, quadrilateral; quadri-peda : quadruped.

retro-: (with verbal roots) retro-, backtward), inverse action :

retro-agar, to retroact; retro-irar, to go back(ward).

ri-: (with verbal roots) re-, back (to an original or former state or position)

again (in the sense of repetition or restoration) ; ri-elektar, to re-elect ; ri-enirar, to re-enter; ri-donar, to give back (again); ri-facar, to do over again, remake; ri-dicar, to say again, repeat.

sen-: -less, without, free from : Indicates absence, lack, privation,

destitution : sen-kapa, headless ; sen-kulpa, guiltless ; sen-arma, without arms, weapon-less; sen-denta, toothless;

stif(a): step-: Indicates that the person spoken of is a relative only through

the second marriage of a parent and is not a relative by blood: stif(a)-filiino, step-daughter stif(a)-matro, step-mothtr.

Note : The prepositions en, ek, for, kun, inter, de, etc. are also used as

prefixes, as: en-irar, ek-irar, also some original adverbs, as: plu-alt-igar, plu-bel-igar