忘却からの帰還〜Intelligent Design

Discovery Institute（2014年時点）のCasey Luskinは、「インテリジェントデザイン」は19世紀からあると主張して、例を挙げた。

The point which you raise on intelligent Design has perplexed me beyond measure; & has been ably discussed by Prof. Asa Gray, with whom I have had much correspondence on the subject. I am in a complete jumble on the point. One cannot look at this Universe with all living productions & man without believing that all has been intelligently designed; yet when I look to each individual organism, I can see no evidence of this.

[ Letter from Charles R. Darwin to Darwin, C. R. to J.F.W. Herschel, J. F. W. (May 23, 1861) ]

And where must we look for this fountain but to the great store-house of nature -- the innumerable and diversified objects there were presented to our view give evidence of infinite skill and intelligent design in their adaptation to each other and to the nature of man.

[Scientific American, Volume 2, Issue 48, p. 381, (August 21, 1847).(quoted by Luskin)]

It will not be possible to rule out the supposition that the process of Evolution may be guided by an intelligent design.

[F. C. S. Schiller, Darwinism and Design Argument, in Humanism: Philosophical Essays, 141 (F. C. S. Schiller, New York, The Macmillan Co. 1903). This particular essay was first published in the Contemporary Review in June, 1897. (quoted by Luskin, and others) ]

The mechanical shock of the atoms being in his view the all-sufficient cause of things, he combats the notion that the constitution of nature has been in any way determined by intelligent design. [ RECORD: Tyndall, John. 1874. Address Delivered Before the British Association Assembled at Belfast, With Additions. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. ]

in the development of the human race, a Higher Intelligence has guided the same laws for nobler ends.

[Alfred Russel Wallace, Sir Charles Lyell on Geological Climates the Origin of Species, An Anthology of His Shorter Writings 33-34 (Charles H. Smith ed., Oxford University Press 1991). (quoted by James Lander) ]

I have heard an eminent Professor tell his class that the many instances of mechanical adaptation discovered and described by Darwin as occurring in orchids, seemed to him to furnish better proof of supernatural contrivance than of natural causes; and another eminent Professor has informed me that, although he had read the Origin of Species with care, he could see in it no evidence of natural selection which might not equally well have been adduced in favour of intelligent design. But here we meet with a radical misconception of the whole logical attitude of science. For, be it observed, this exception in limine to the evidence which we are about to consider does not question that natural selection may be able to do all that Darwin ascribes to it. The objection is urged against his interpretation of the facts merely on the ground that these facts might equally be ascribed to intelligent design. (p.278)

Innumerable cases of adaptation of organisms to their environments are the observed facts for which an explanation is required. To supply this explanation, two, and only two, hypotheses are in the field. Of these two hypotheses one is intelligent design manifested directly in special creation; the other is natural causation operating through countless ages of the past." (p.280)

For it is quite inconceivable that any known cause, other than intelligent design, could be competent to turn out instantaneously anyone or these intricate pieces or machinery, already adapted to the performance or its special function. (p.281)

Now the question whether organic evolution has been caused by physical agencies or by intelligent design is in precisely the same predicament. (p.283)

[George John Romanes, Darwin After Darwin, p. 278 (Open Court, 1892) (quoted by Luskin)]

ただし、これら「インテリジェントデザイン」への言及に、インテリジェントデザイン支持者たちが気付いたのは、このCasey Luskinの言及が最初。

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