GURPSよろず

機械やさまざまな人外種族を作成するための性質やルールを扱ったサプリメント。現状、機械翻訳に放り込んだだけ。

「[[第1章>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#01]]」
[[第1章「種族テンプレートと共通性質」>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#01]]

原書表記

　It’s perfectly possible to play GURPS without “races.” In a present-day action campaign, all the heroes will be human beings, and so will everyone they encounter, from their arch-nemesis to the convenience-store clerk who sells them batteries.
The same is true in historical campaigns, whether realistic or swashbuckling, and often in alternate history or near-future technothrillers.
　But a lot of roleplaying campaigns are more exotic ――and one way of making a campaign exotic is to have characters who aren’t human, such as elves or robots. The protagonists are likely to encounter such beings; they may even be such beings. Racial templates provide a systematic way of describing nonhumans. If you’re a GM, they’re a tool for defining your setting; if you’re a player, they provide options for creating your character.
　And a campaign need not be exotic to use 種族テンプレートs. A template might define an animal’s species or a vehicle’s model, if the GM prefers to treat such things as fully realized NPCs ――especially if they’re likely to be Allies. See Appendix B for examples.

「[[種族テンプレートとは>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#What_Are_Racial_Templates]]」

原書表記

　Human beings are the baseline in GURPS. They have a specific form and specific capabilities, defined in the rules in great detail. But none of this costs any character points! Implicitly, there’s a “human” racial template ――but its point cost is 0, and it isn’t shown on character sheets.
　Nonhuman beings have different traits, some of which have non zero point values, positive or negative. Simply being a nonhuman often has a point value. In most settings, nonhumans fall into distinct types, each worth a certain number of points and having a certain list of traits. A racial template is a definition of one of these types. Each template has a distinctive name, and can be represented on a character sheet simply by its name and point value; all the traits that go into the template are “included by reference,” as if they were all spelled out.
　Racial templates aren’t the only way to describe nonhuman entities. Depending on their role in a campaign, there are other options.

「[[代替案：簡易ステータス>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Alternatives_Simplified_Statistics]]」

原書表記

　Some nonhumans aren’t usually treated as characters, because they don’t really have personalities. They don’t get full character sheets, but more compact sets of statistics that make it clear what adventurers can do with them ――or what they can do to adven turers. Examples are creature statistics (for animals and sometimes plants) and vehicle statistics. In special cases, these can be expanded into full character sheets; see Animals (p. 6) and Vehicles (p. 7).

「[[代替案：ステータスなし>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Alternatives_No_Statistics]]」

原書表記

Sometimes an individual appears in the campaign but doesn’t have a character sheet or fully specified abilities. Such characters don’t need racial templates, even if they’re described as belonging to some race.

Patrons
　Very powerful Patrons (pp. B72-74) may have effectively unlimited point costs;
for example, ultra-powerful individuals or true gods. Such beings don’t need character sheets; the GM is always free to come up with a new ability that fits the basic character concept. Not having statistics, such Patrons don’t have racial templates, either, though they may be given “racial” labels such as primordial entity or god.

Enemies　p.5
　The rules (p. B135) don’t explicitly say so, but it makes sense that an ultra-powerful individual or a true god might be hostile to a hero (as Hera was to Heracles), and could be bought as an Enemy for -30 or -40 points, with GM approval. As with a Patron, such an Enemy has no defined racial template.

Contacts
　Contacts (pp. B44-45) serve primarily as sources of information, defined by minimal statistics: One skill at an effective level, plus a degree of reli ability. Computers and infomorphs can play this role; so can spirits, which count as having “supernatural talents.” They don’t need character sheets or racial templates for this.

「[[代替案：ユニークな存在>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Alternatives_Unique_Beings]]」

原書表記

　Some characters with exotic or supernatural traits are one of a kind: supers, unique monsters, prototypes of machines or synthetic life forms, and so on. They may have full character sheets, but their uniqueness means there’s no clear line between individual and racial traits for them.
　This can change, though, if beings with similar traits appear ――or if characters who can copy another character’s form exist (Shapeshifting, pp. 38-39). It may be useful to decide which special traits belong to such an entity’s implicit “racial template,” and keep that information handy for later use.

「[[キャラクター・テンプレートと種族テンプレート>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Character_vs_Racial_Templates]]」

原書表記

　Both racial and character templates are trait lists, but the concepts otherwise share little but the word “template.” The GM generally decides racial traits (for exceptions, see Player-Designed Races, p. 37). A race’s traits are a feature of the game world, and once defined, even minimalist racial templates are rules ――composite advantages or disadvantages that define every member of a race, which players accept when they agree to play in the campaign. Playing a member of a race is a package deal; the template lists what’s in the package. A race’s fundamental nature rarely varies enough for advice on player choice to be appropriate (but see Lenses and Sub-Races, p. 23, and especially Modification, p. 37), even if individual members can learn and do as many different things as humans. On the other hand, character templates ――however mandatory or prescriptive ――are guidelines.
　Even so, both dramatic templates for characters and templates for races can reflect consideration of archetypal qualities. Gamers designing cultural templates for characters may find the advice in Social Traits (pp. 34-35) helpful. And the suggestions for modifying racial templates may also help in developing character templates to fit specific races.

「[[種族とは？>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#What_Are_Races]]」

原書表記

　In GURPS, “race” is shorthand for a kind or category of beings. But different broader groups of beings can be classified in different ways ――for example, as biological species of living organisms, or as models of machines. Such broader groups also commonly share more basic general qualities, found in all the various races that make them up, which GURPS often represents as 共通性質s (pp. 8-11).
　Some 種族テンプレートs don’t include all the attributes and secondary characteristics of human characters, but are limited to physical traits, or to mental ones (as defined on p. B296). Two such partial templates are joined to define a single character (see Robots, p. 7, and Embodied Spirits, p. 8). Technically, the mental template is a lens (Lenses and Sub-Races, p. 23) ――but it’s the mental template that carries the character’s personal identity.

「[[ヒューマノイド>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Humanoids]]」

原書表記

　Science-fiction movies and television series often portray “rubber forehead aliens”: stated to be of a different species and from a different planet, but played by actors with makeup and prosthetics. This is partly for financial reasons: models, puppets, or animated characters ――especially convincing ones ――cost much more. The original Star Trek, for example, showed the Vulcan Mr. Spock on every episode, and Klingons on several, but the amorphous Horta appeared only once. Even without actors being involved, it seems to be easier to imagine modified humans than fundamentally different beings. Fantasy races from pixies to giants are often humanoid, and so are extraterrestrials such as “grays.” Furry art, going back to newspaper cartoons such as Krazy Kat, anthropomorphizes many of its animal characters ――and they have precursors such as Egyptian animal-headed gods and the Paleolithic “lion man” sculpture.
　In some cases, this humanoid form is realistically justified. A prehistoric or alternate history campaign could include hominid species other than Homo sapiens. A future-history campaign could have species naturally evolved from Homo sapiens, or “parahuman” species created through genetic engineering. Some biologists think that a roughly humanoid body plan is better suited to sapient life than any other, so that if aliens do exist, they are likely to look like us.
　Realistic or not, human-like races won’t have a distinctive 共通性質. Their body shape is roughly human, they’re living organisms (though robots may be human shaped for cosmetic reasons; see Robots and Automata, p. 7), they’re likely to be native to an Earthlike environment, and they probably think more or less like us. It’s even possible for a humanoid race to have only cosmetic differences that can be represented as 0-point 特色s (p. B261).

「[[エイリアン>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Aliens]]」

原書表記

　Then there are aliens who don’t look like human beings. These are most often imagined as races that evolved on distant planets, though a few writers have described really alternate histories where some other life form on Earth, such as dinosaurs or cephalopods, attained sapience. These are living beings, but they may have a 共通性質 representing a nonhuman body plan (pp. 9-10), and some are native to non-Earthlike planets and have advantages or 特色s that reflect this (see Habitats, pp. 15-18).
　Creators often take the imaginative shortcut of basing aliens on Earth animals (or sometimes plants): 「トリ型」, felinoid, saurian, and even insectoid and ameboid races are common in science fiction. More innovative creators may come up with novel species, but define them as “vertebrates” or “mollusks” or the like ――Earth categories that wouldn’t logically apply to the evolutionary trees of other planets ――as in Olaf Stapledon’s inventory of galactic races in Star Maker. Some writers attempt to come up with wholly novel races, such as the hrossa, séroni, and pfifltriggi in C.S. Lewis’s Out of the Silent Planet, or many of Poul Anderson’s aliens.
　GURPS Space provides detailed rules for making up entirely novel alien races.

• コラム：「トゥーン」（Toons）
  • 限定「分野限定/面白い場合のみ」（ Only if it’s funny! ） (-20%)
  • 有利特徴「L-体より大きな収納部」（Bigger Than Your Head）： [1.3cp/レベル]
  • 有利特徴「L-変な顔」（Funny Faces）： [26cp]
  • 有利特徴「L-魔法のポケット」（Magic Pockets）： [6.5cp/レベル]

「[[動物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Animals]]」

原書表記

　Some biological races actually are animals ――usually Earth animals, though the rules in GURPS Space can be used to make up extraterrestrial ones. Most animals don’t need racial templates (Alternatives: Simplified Statistics, p. 4). There are situations where 種族テンプレートs are useful or even necessary, however. Creature statistics can be used as a basis for such templates ――fairly straightforwardly, as they already include full sets of attributes and secondary characteristics. Animals often have both a nonhuman body plan (pp. 9-10) and a 共通性質 representing their mentality and social posi tion (p. 9).
　Important examples include:

● Heroes may have animal companions. These can be defined as Allies, meaning they need full character sheets. They often have exceptional qualities, which can include unusual intelligence: +1 (or rarely +2) to species 知力 ――though this won’t normally boost 知力 to sapient levels (6+), except for mages’ familiars.

● A campaign might be about talking animals, either on their own (like the rabbits in Watership Down) or interacting with humans (like the wolves in The Jungle Book). They won’t have technology, so it makes sense to assume that they have their usual 知力 scores ――but they use some form of language despite this, either an animal language or, in some stories, human language.

● Non-anthropomorphic furries have human-comparable 知力s but otherwise can be treated like talking animals.

● In science fiction, animals may be uplifted ――sometimes becoming humanoid, like the Beast Men in Wells’ The Island of Dr. Moreau or Cordwainer Smith’s Under people; sometimes retaining a “beast” form, like Olaf Stapledon’s Sirius or the chims and fins in David Brin’s Uplift novels. Usually they’re shown as having sapient levels of 知力, but falling a little short of human intelligence, and often being subject to Stress Atavism.

● Human beings can turn, or be turned, into animals, through Shapeshifting (pp. 38-39), by some magical spell or power, or as a curse. The animal form needs a tem plate ――especially if it’s being applied to a PC!

「[[キメラ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Chimerae]]」

原書表記

　In folklore and mythology, there are living beings that combine body parts from different species (for example, the original Greek chimera resembled a lion, but with a goat’s head between its shoulder blades, and a snake in place of its tail). Often these are unique (Alternatives: Unique Beings, p. 5), but they may make up races, such as centaurs or merfolk, particularly if they’re part human. Such races have body-plan 共通性質s (pp. 9-10).
Most chimeric beings were invented without much concern for biological realism, but some have been used as models for aliens, and furry artists have envisioned hybrid races as well.

「[[ロボットとオートマタ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Robots_and_Automata]]」

原書表記

　Robots are constructed beings, ordinarily incapable of reproducing. If they are produced in substantial numbers, and especially if they are manufactured, they’ll have models, which can be treated as “races” and have templates. Classic science-fictional robots are human-shaped (and may be played by human actors, as in Star Wars and Star Trek: The Next Generation), but unlike humanoids (p. 5), their functions are mechanical rather than biological. Newer imaginings of robots have often featured utilitarian designs, from self-aware computers that fill entire rooms to Hans Moravec’s proposed fractal-branching “bush robots.”
　In GURPS, most robots are controlled by internal computers and have two partial templates: a cybershell (the body and hardware) and an infomorph (the software; see below). Typical cyber shells are machines, with the Machine meta-trait (p. 9), which includes being Unliving. However, there are other options, from clock work in a fantasy-tech campaign to sophisticated analog systems. Such robots don’t have separate physical and mental templates; their minds aren’t “software” and don’t have Complexity-Limited IQ (p. 12), nor do they always have Digital Mind. Robots can have the Automaton meta-trait (p. 9), but this makes them unsuitable as independent characters, though they can be Allies with the Minion enhancement.
　Constructed or manufactured beings can have biological components, or even be entirely biological, as with the “bioroids” of several anime series. Bioroids are sterile, as part of a meta-trait reflecting their distinctive construction (p. 9). Bioroids are usually humanoid, but there have been portrayals of non-humanoid artificial living beings such as H.P. Lovecraft’s amoeba-like shoggoths, created by an alien race in Earth’s distant past. Recent depictions of shapeshifting nanotech robots offer a mechanical parallel. A fantasy setting may have magically or divinely animated golems shaped from unliving matter; these function much like embodied spirits (p. 8) but often have the Automaton meta-trait.

「[[コンピュータの複雑さ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Complexity_of_Computers]]」

原書表記

　Any particular computer can run some programs and not others. GURPS addresses this through Complexity ratings, assigned on one hand to each computer and on the other to each program. A standard computer can run two programs of its own Complexity, or trade off one program for 10 programs with one level less Complexity. A computer’s Complexity depends on its size, TL, and design options; see GURPS High-Tech and GURPS Ultra-Tech for detailed rules, which can be used to decide if a computer can fit into a race’s body. Those rules also give cash costs for computers, but these can mostly be disregarded in creating 種族テンプレートs.
　In this supplement, Complexity is important because digital intelligences are programs with Complexity scores. It takes a higher-powered computer to run a mind with a higher racial 知力. See 「複雑さ制限された知力」 (p. 12).

「[[種族：乗り物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Vehicles]]」

原書表記

　Vehicles are normally described as machines, with simplified statistics (Alternatives: Simplified Statistics, p. 4). However, the character-creation system can be used to write up a vehicle as a specialized kind of Ally, one that the primary character rides around in or on. Each model of vehicle counts as a “race” and has a template.
　The Vehicle meta-trait (p. 9) enables a vehicle to be operated, using controls. A typical vehicle has Payload, which provides space and load capacity for the operator. A vehicle that has Telecommunication (Vague) can be controlled remotely by an operator who can see it; one with Telecommunication (Video) and imaging sensors can send images to the operator. Such vehicles have IQ 0, and as Allies have the Minion enhancement, with no upper limit to their point totals.
　Treat vehicles with IQ greater than 0 as robots or cybershells (see above). They may still have controls (see Compartmentalized Mind, p. 43).

「[[霊>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Spirits]]」

• 用語：「霊」（Spirits）

「[[非実体霊>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Intangible_Spirits]]」

「[[具現霊>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Embodied_Spirits]]」

原書表記

　A spirit is another type of intangible entity ――a supernatural one that doesn’t need to be stored in a physical medium. As such, it has no physical needs and usually doesn’t age.

Intangible Spirits
　Many spirits inhabit the material world without themselves being material: they can perceive it from some point of view and have a form, but lack substance. The most limited spirits can’t be seen, touched, or attacked (unless the attack has Affects Insubstantial), and can’t speak or manipulate objects. More capable spirits may be able to speak or become visible, to manipulate objects telekinetically, or to cast spells or influence minds. Some of them can even solidify for a short time. Various meta-traits encapsulate these capabilities.
　Some intangible spirits are linked to parts of the natural world, such as trees, bodies of water, or even planets. Others were formerly living people; in some worlds, every sapient being has Potential Form (Spirit) ――see Features and Taboo Traits
(p. 12). A more specialized case is that of tulpas, or thought-forms (GURPS Horror, p. 81), created by a living person through prolonged meditation or similar processes. A tulpa typically has Automaton (p. 9), acting only according to its creator’s will.

Embodied Spirits
　Other spirits enter the material world through embodiment, gaining a physical form after being summoned by magic or sent by a greater supernatural power. Common examples of embodied spirits include angels, which typically look human but are more powerful; demons, which may look human but are often monstrous; and elementals, which animate a particular substance. At the GM’s option, an embodied spirit may be defined by two partial templates: the vessel for the material form (based, for example, on an elemental meta-trait; see pp. 20-21) and the animus for the mind. Animi are Unaging and may be Reprogrammable, if speaking their true names grants power over them.

「[[アンデッド>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#The_Undead]]」

原書表記

　The undead are often a variant of embodied spirits: spirits of the dead inhabiting physical forms. But they have enough distinctive traits to merit their own category. They start out as living beings (usually human); their racial traits are a lens that can be applied to a living character, typically representing their having died and then been reanimated in some way.
Supernatural animation can involve the dead person’s spirit, brought back to trouble the living; some other spirit taking advantage of an empty body; or a magic spell, often intended to produce a servant (such servants are Allies with the Minion enhancement). But similar lenses can represent reanimation by an exotic disease, advanced technology, or some other purely natural process.
　Corporeal undead have a 共通性質 that includes some whole-body version of 「負傷耐性」; see Postmortal (p. 21). There are also spectral undead, which are intangible spirits (above) of some type.

「[[ハイブリッド>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Hybrids]]」

原書表記

　What if different biological races are cross-fertile? If there are more than two or three such races, creating templates for every possible hybrid is probably too much work. But it’s pos sible to provide guidelines for various approaches.
　One common assumption is that the hybrid has the traits of both parents, in weaker forms. In particular, a half-human hybrid often has weaker versions of the nonhuman parent’s traits; e.g., half-elves are long-lived but not unaging. If both parents have 種族テンプレートs, a trait they have in common will be present at full strength; unshared traits may be diminished or missing, and opposing traits definitely will be.
　Some hybrids might have both parental templates at full strength. Here, again, opposing traits usually cancel out.
　Finally, a hybrid might have a form of “hybrid vigor,” gaining distinctive new traits found in neither parent. Any such trait requires GM approval.
In a fantasy campaign, dissimilar species might hybridize, producing chimerae (pp. 6-7) with distinctive body plans. If the setting includes supernatural beings, it might also have demigods, or children of mortals and spirits. Demigods almost always have weaker powers than gods, though they may graduate to full divinity after a life of heroic adventure ――a version of 「将来的変身」 (p. 12).

「[[共通性質集>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Meta-Traits]]」

原書表記

　Meta-traits (pp. B262-263) are another sort of package deal in character design. Like 種族テンプレートs, they’re fixed in content. But they neither specify a kind of being in complete detail nor define only one kind of being. Rather, they encompass sets of traits that are found together in many races. They can be used as shorthand in defining a 種族テンプレート, and they simplify the design process by reducing the number of decisions required.

• ■01-03-01　共通性質「アニメキャラ」（Animated Character）p.9［85cp］
• ■01-03-02　共通性質「バイオロイド」（Bioroid）p.9 ［-5cp］
• ■01-03-03　共通性質「機械」（Machine）p.9［25cp］

「[[精神的な共通性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Mentality_Meta-Traits]]」

1. 「AI」（AI）： ［32cp］
2. 「オートマトン」（Automaton）： ［-85cp］
3. 「飼育動物」（Domestic Animal）： ［-30cp］
4. 「アップロード」（Upload）： ［5cp］
5. 「乗り物」（Vehicle）： ［-190cp］
6. 「野生動物」（Wild Animal）： ［-30cp］

原書表記

You think differently than human beings in some way.
AI: A computer mind. Absolute Timing [2]; Digital Mind [5]; Doesn’t Sleep [20]; Intuitive Mathematician [5]; Photographic Memory [10]; Reprogrammable [-10]. 32 points.

Automaton: A mind lacking creativity and free will. Suited to such beings as golems, magically reanimated corpses, and simple AIs. Hidebound [-5]; Incurious (6) [-10]; Low Empathy [-20]; No Sense of Humor [-10]; Slave Mentality [-40]. -85 points.

Domestic Animal: A farm animal, mount, or pet, or a trained wild animal. Cannot Speak [-15]; Hidebound [-5]; Social Stigma (Valuable Property) [-10]; Taboo Trait (Fixed IQ) [0]. -30 points.

Upload: A formerly living being whose brain is now being emulated on a computer. Your maximum possible IQ is (2 × Complexity). Complexity-Limited IQ [0]; Digital Mind [5]; Reawakened [0]. 5 points.

Vehicle: An ordinary vehicle without sentience or the ability to set its own course (Vehicles, p. 7). IQ 0 [-200]; Compartmentalized Mind 1 (Controls) [25]; Injury Tolerance (No Brain) [5]; Insensate [0]; Nonautonomous [0]; Social Stigma (Subjugated) [-20]; Taboo Trait (Fixed IQ) [0]. -190 points.

Wild Animal: An ordinary animal found in nature. Bestial [-10]; Cannot Speak [-15]; Hidebound [-5]; Taboo Trait (Fixed IQ) [0]. -30 points. -30 points.


You think differently than human beings in some way.
AI: A computer mind. Absolute Timing [2]; 「デジタル精神」 [5]; Doesn’t Sleep [20]; Intuitive 「演算能力」 [5]; 「写真記憶」 [10]; 「プログラム書き換え可能」 [-10]. 32 points.

Automaton: A mind lacking creativity and free will. Suited to such beings as golems, magically reanimated corpses, and simple AIs. 「創造力がない」 [-5]; 「無関心」 (6) [-10]; 「感情を理解できない」 [-20]; 「ユーモア感覚の欠如」 [-10]; 「奴隷根性」 [-40]. -85 points.

Domestic Animal: A farm animal, mount, or pet, or a trained wild animal. 「会話できない」 [-15]; 「創造力がない」 [-5]; 「社会的弱者」 (Valuable Property) [-10]; 禁止性質 「能力値固定/知力」 [0]. -30 points.

Upload: A formerly living being whose brain is now being emulated on a computer. Your maximum possible 知力 is (2 × Complexity). 「複雑さ制限された知力」 [0]; 「デジタル精神」 [5]; 「前世の記憶/特色規模」 [0]. 5 points.

Vehicle: An ordinary vehicle without sentience or the ability to set its own course (Vehicles, p. 7). 知力 0 [-200]; 「並列思考」 1 (Controls) [25]; 「負傷耐性」 (「脳がない」) [5]; 「無感覚」 [0]; 「非自律式」 [0]; 「社会的弱者」 (Subjugated) [-20]; 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/知力」) [0]. -190 points.

「野生動物」: An ordinary animal found in nature. 「獣性」 [-10]; 「会話できない」 [-15]; 「創造力がない」 [-5]; 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/知力」) [0]. -30 points. -30 points.

「[[形状の共通性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Morphology_Meta-Traits_]]」

原書表記

　Many races are non-humanoid, including aliens, animals, chimerae, vehicles, and some robots and embodied spirits. Their body forms can be described in game terms using an expanded set of morphology 共通性質s (see p. B263). Such 共通性質s fall into two main groups: biological and vehic ular/robotic (questions of morphology don’t apply to info morphs, and seldom affect intangible spirits). The following examples address the most common cases and make it relatively straightforward to extrapolate others.

「[[生物型>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Organisms]]」

1. 「翼人型」（Angeloid）：30cp
2. 「クモ型」（Arachnoid）： -25cp
3. 「ヒトデ型」（Asteroid）： 2cp
4. 「トリ型」（Avian）： 24cp
5. 「カニ型」（Cancroid）：10cp
6. 「ケンタウロス型」（Centauroid）： 5cp
7. 「ミミズ型」（Helminth）： -52cp
8. 「六脚」（Hexapod）： -30cp
9. 「魚型」（Ichthyoid:）： -50cp
10. 「タコ型」（Octopod）： 64cp
11. 「卵型」（Ovoid）： -38cp
12. 「四脚」（Quadruped）： -35cp
13. 「サソリ型」（Scorpionoid）： 5cp
14. 「半直立」（Semi-Upright）： -5cp
15. 「ヘビ型」（Serpentoid）： -35cp
16. 「人魚型」（Tritonoid）： 0cp
17. 「コウモリ型」（Vespertilian）： -2cp
18. 「有翼六脚」（Winged Hexapod）： 0cp

原書表記

　Most of the animal body plans provided here are based on Non-Humanoid Hit Location Tables (pp. B552-553). Cancroid and Vermiform have each been split into two types. For additional hit location tables for new body plans, see p. 10.

Angeloid: A humanoid with separate wings growing out of the shoulders, such as an angel or devil. Flight (Winged, -25%) [30]. 30 points.

Arachnoid: A spider or similar eight-legged creature. Extra Legs (Eight Legs) [15]; Horizontal [-10]; No Fine Manipulators [-30]. -25 points.

Asteroid: A creature with radial symmetry and five arms, such as a starfish. Extra Arms 3 (Foot Manipulators, -30%; Short, -50%) [6]; Extra Legs (Five Legs) [10]; Horizontal [-10]; Injury Tolerance (No Head; No Neck) [12]; Short Foot Manipulators 2 [-16]. 2 points.

Avian: A bird. Flight (Winged, -25%) [30]; Foot Manipulators 2 [-6]; Tail [0]. 24 points.

Cancroid: A crab- or lobster-like creature with forelimb pincers. Might have Tail [0]; if so, treat as Scorpionoid when rolling hit location. Extra Legs (Eight Legs) [15]; Good Grip 1 [5]; Ham-Fisted 2 [-10]. 10 points.

Centauroid: A chimeric being with a humanoid torso growing out of a quadruped body. Extra Legs (Four Legs) [5]; Tail [0]. 5 points.

Helminth: A true worm, with no skeleton, such as a flatworm, roundworm, earthworm, or leech. Double-Jointed [15]; Injury Tolerance (No Neck) [5]; Invertebrate [-20]; No Legs (Slithers) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; No Skull DR [-2]. -52 points.

Hexapod: A six-legged creature such as an insect. Extra Legs (Six Legs) [10]; Horizontal [-10]; No Fine Manipulators [-30]. -30 points.

Ichthyoid: A typical fish, ichthyosaur, or cetacean. If the tail can deal blows, buy its attack separately as Striker. No Legs (Aquatic) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Tail [0]. -50 points.

Octopod: An octopus with eight arms that double as legs. Extra Arms 6 (Extra-Flexible, +50%; Foot Manipulators, -30%) [72]; Extra-Flexible Foot Manipulators 2 [4]; Extra Legs (Eight Legs; Cannot Kick, -50%) [8]; Invertebrate [-20]. 64 points.

Ovoid: A creature with radial symmetry and without limbs or a distinct head, such as a sea urchin; can also be used for ameboid creatures by adding Invertebrate. Its only hit locations are torso (0), vitals (-3), and possibly eyes (-9). Injury Tolerance (No Head; No Neck) [12]; No Legs (Slithers, Aquatic, or Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]. -38 points.

Quadruped: A typical mammal, reptile, or amphibian. Extra Legs (Four Legs) [5]; Horizontal [-10]; No Fine Manipulators [-30]; Tail [0]. -35 points.

Scorpionoid: A scorpion-like creature with forelimb pincers and a long tail (buy its attack separately as Striker). Equivalent to Cancroid except for having fewer legs. Extra Legs (Six Legs) [10]; Good Grip 1 [5]; Ham-Fisted 2 [-10]; Tail [0]. 5 points.

Semi-Upright: An ape or bear. Use Human and Humanoid Hit Location Table (p. B552). Semi-Upright [-5]. -5 points.

Serpentoid: A snake. Double-Jointed [15]; No Legs (Slithers) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Tail [0]. -35 points.

Tritonoid: A humanoid with a fish or dolphin’s tail in place of legs, such as a classic mermaid. If the tail can deliver blows, buy its attack separately as Striker. No Legs (Aquatic) [0]; Tail [0]. 0 points.

Vespertilian: A bat or pterosaur. Hit locations use the “Avian” column on p. B553. Flight (Temporary Disadvantage, No Fine Manipulators, -30%; Winged, -25%) [18]; Short Arms with No Physical Attack 2 [-20]; Tail [0]. -2 points.

Winged Hexapod: An insect with wings. Extra Legs (Six Legs) [10]; Flight (Winged, -25%) [30]; Horizontal [-10]; No Fine Manipulators [-30]. 0 points.

「[[翼人型・ヒトデ型・ミミズ型・サソリ型・ヘビ型・人魚型の命中部位表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Angeloid_Hit_Location_Table]]」

原書表記

Roll	Angeloid	Asteroid	Helminth	Scorpionoid	Serpentoid	Tritonoid
−	Eye (-9)	Eye (-9)	Eye (-9)	Eye (-9)	Eye (-9)	Eye (-9)
3-4	Skull (-7)	Torso (0)	Brain* (-7)	Skull (-7)	Skull (-7)	Skull (-7)
5	Face (-5)	Torso (0)	Face (-5)	Face (-5)	Face (-5)	Face (-5)
6	Right Leg (-2)	Arm 1 (-2)	Torso (0)	Neck (-5)	Neck (-5)	Tail (-3)
7	Right Leg (-2)	Arm 2 (-2)	Torso (0)	Arm† (-2)	Neck (-5)	Torso (0)
8	Right Arm (-2)	Arm 3 (-2)	Torso (0)	Arm† (-2)	Neck (-5)	Right Arm (-2)
9	Wing† (-2)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)
10	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)
11	Groin (-3)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Groin (-3)
12	Left Arm (-2)	Arm 4 (-2)	Torso (0)	Tail (-3)	Torso (0)	Left Arm (-2)
13	Left Leg (-2)	Arm 5 (-2)	Torso (0)	Leg† (-2)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)
14	Left Leg (-2)	Arm 1 (-2)	Torso (0)	Leg† (-2)	Torso (0)	Tail (-3)
15	Hand† (-4)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Leg† (-2)	Torso (0)	Hand† (-4)
16	Foot† (-4)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Leg† (-2)	Torso (0)	Tail (-3)
17-18	Neck (-5)	Torso (0)	Torso (0)	Foot† (-4)	Tail (-3)	Neck (-5)
−	Vitals (-3)	Vitals (-3)	Vitals (-3)	Vitals (-3)	Vitals (-3)	Vitals (-3)

　* Treat as skull, but without DR 2.
　† Roll randomly for which.

「[[乗り物・その他の機械>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Vehicles_and_Other_Machines]]」

1. 「飛行船型」（Airship）：-34cp
2. 「ボート型」（Boat）： -90cp
3. 「固定翼機型」（Fixed-Wing Aircraft）：-78cp
4. 「グライダー型」（Glider）： -48cp
5. 「地上車両型」（Ground Vehicle）： -100cp
6. 「ヘリコプター型」（Helicopter）： -72cp
7. 「ホバークラフト型」（Hovercraft）： -46cp
8. 「潜水艦型」（Submersible）： -80cp

原書表記

　Vehicles get just one hit location table (p. B554). This suits many types of machines. Other machines can often be treated as having one location ――the body ――or as having the body plus a vital area (targeted at -3, or hit randomly on 17-18). Humanoid robots and mecha can use the humanoid hit location table ――or the “Quadruped” column on p. B553 for models such as Boston Dynamics’ dog robots.
　However, many broad classes of vehicles are defined by distinct meta-traits:

　Airship: A powered lighter-than-air vehicle. Flight (Lighter Than Air, -10%) [36]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -34 points.

　Boat: A vehicle that travels on the surface of water or another liquid. Horizontal [-10]; No Legs (Aquatic) [-10]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. Notes: No Legs (Aquatic) is priced to reflect the vessel’s inability to dive and dependency for mobility on masts, oars, or propellers that can’t be armored. -90 points.

Fixed-Wing Aircraft: A winged aircraft with propellers or jets. Flight (Cannot Hover, -15%; Nuisance Effect, Noisy and dangerous, -5%; Winged, -25%) [22]; Horizontal [-10]; No Legs (Tracked or Wheeled) [-20]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -78 points.

Glider: An unpowered heavier-than-air flying vehicle. Flight (Controlled Gliding, -45%) [22]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -48 points.

Ground Vehicle: A car, tank, etc. Horizontal [-10]; No Legs (Tracked or Wheeled) [-20]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -100 points.

Helicopter: A rotary-wing aircraft with a powered rotor. Flight (Nuisance Effect, Noisy and dangerous, -5%; Winged, -25%) [28]; Horizontal [-10]; No Legs (Tracked or Wheeled) [-20]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -72 points.

Hovercraft: An air-cushion ground vehicle with skirts or stabilizers. Flight (Low Ceiling, 5 feet, -25%; Nuisance Effect, Noisy, -5%; Small Wings, -10%) [24]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -46 points.

Submersible: A vehicle that can travel underwater or another liquid. Horizontal [-10]; No Legs (Aquatic) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Numb [-20]. -80 points.

「[[ナノテクノロジー>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Nanotechnology]]」

• 「ナノテクノロジー」（Nanotechnology）p.11
  • ナノテク製造 (TL8〜TL12) での、バックミンスターフラーレン、ナノチューブ、「ダイヤ製?」(p. 20)
  • バイオプラスチック (TL10〜TL12) 、生きた金属 (TL12)
  • 共通性質「ナノモーフ」（Nanomorph）［55cp］(TL12)
  • ナノスウォーム (TL12) については、「群れ」(pp.14-15)を参照してください。

「[[霊の共通性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Spirit_Meta-Traits]]」

• 「霊の共通性質」
  • 「非顕現霊型」（Unmanifested Spirit）：　149cp
  • 「憑依霊型」（Demon）：309cp
  • 「幻霊型」（Phantasm）：　255cp
  • 「騒霊型」（Poltergeist）：　226cp
  • 「妖精型」（Sprite）：　165cp

原書表記？

　You are a disembodied consciousness that has a location in the physical world and is able to perceive it.

●Unmanifested Spirit: A spirit that cannot become visible, speak, materialize, or use its powers to affect the physical world. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10];「睡眠不要」 [20]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; Insubstantiality (Always On, -50%) [40]; 「透明」 (Substantial Only, -10%) [36]; 「発音できない?」 (Substantial Only, -10%) [-22]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 149 points.

　More interesting spirits have expanded capabilities for interacting with the physical world, rather than just observing it. There are several options for this:

●Demon: A spirit that can possess a living being and use its body to act on the physical world. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; 「睡眠不要」[20]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」[30]; Insubstantiality (Affect Substantial,+100%; Always On, -50%) [120]; 「透明」 (Substantial Only, -10%) [36]; 「発音できない?」 (Substantial Only, -10%) [-22]; 「憑依」 (Spiritual, -20%) [80]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 309 points.

●Phantasm: A spirit that can become visible, speak, and use magic or powers to affect physical beings. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; Doesn’t Sleep [20]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; Insubstantiality (Affect Substantial, +100%; Always On, -50%) [120]; 「透明」 (Substantial Only, -10%; Switchable, +10%) [40]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 255 points.

●Poltergeist: A spirit that can hurl things and make disturbing noises. The ability to move things is bought separately, as Telekinesis. 「会話できない」 [-15]; 「耳障りな声」 [-10]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; Doesn’t Sleep [20]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; Insubstantiality (Affect Substantial, +100%; Always On, -50%) [120]; 「透明」 (Substantial Only, -10%) [36]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 226 points.

●Sprite: A spirit that can physically manifest, becoming visible, tangible, and more vulnerable. 「呼吸不要」 (Only when insubstantial, -10%) [18]; 「飲食不要」 (Only when insubstantial, -10%) [9]; 「睡眠不要」 [20]; Immunity to Metabolic Hazards (Only when insubstantial, -10%) [27]; Insubstantiality (Difficult Materialization, -20%) [64]; 「透明」 (Only when insubstantial, -10%; Substantial Only, -10%) [32]; 「発音できない?」 (Only when insubstantial, -10%; Substantial Only, -10%) [-20]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 165 points.

「[[特色と禁止性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Features_and_Taboo_Traits]]」

1. 特色「群れの体」（Body of Swarm）：「群れ」 (p. 14-15) を参照してください。「負傷耐性」(p.43)を参照してください。
2. 特色「伝染媒体」（Carrier）
3. 禁止性質「複雑さ制限された知力」（Complexity-Limited IQ）
4. 特色「早熟/レベル」（Early Maturation）
5. 禁止性質「能力値固定/（能力値）」（Fixed (Attribute)）
6. 禁止性質「技能値固定/（技能）」（Fixed (Skill)）
7. 特色「燃料で動く」（Fuel Supply）
8. 特色「無感覚」（Insensate）
9. 特色「非自律式」（Nonautonomous）
10. 特色「減圧無効」（Not Pressurized）
11. 特色「老化影響なし」（Not Subject to Aging）
12. 特色と禁止性質「疲労点なし」（Not Subject to Fatigue）
13. 特色「将来的変身」（Potential Form）
14. 特色「放射線に鈍い」（Radiation Hardened）
15. 特色「前世の記憶/特色規模」（Reawakened）
16. 特色「不妊」（Sterile）
17. 特色「尾」（Tail）

「[[第2章>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#02]]」
[[第2章「基本パラメータ」>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#02]]

「[[サイズ・重量表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Size_and_Weight_Table]]」

原書表記

　Several broad general issues are best considered together at the outset. Many of these involve 0-point racial 特色s (in addition to those discussed in Chapter 1). Some relate to racial size, weight, and strength, or have implications for these.
Others help to define a race’s basic physical or magical nature, or its preferred environment.
　For simplicity, size and weight are abstracted as a Size Modifier, or SM (pp. B19-20), based on the being’s longest dimension ――usually height or length. Humanlike races have typical values of weight, 体力, and HP for each SM, shown in the Size and Weight Table (below); the table gives different 体力 and HP values for living, 「無生物」, and Homogeneous/集合体 races. For other races, things can get more complicated, mak
ing it necessary to have separate modifiers for 体力, and for weight and HP. The GM has the option of using precise values for traits, at the expense of more complicated calculations. All this is discussed under Scale (below), Gravity (pp. 15-16), and Density and Weight (pp. 18-19).

Size and Weight Table			体力/HP
Size Modifier	Height/Length	Weight	Living	「無生物」	「均一」/「集合体」
-8	0.1 yard (3.5”)	0.0125 lb. (0.2 oz.)	1	1	2
-7	0.15 yard (5”)	0.04 lb. (0.6 oz.)	1	1-2	3
-6	0.2 yard (7”)	0.125 lb. (2 oz.)	1	2	4
-5	0.3 yard (10”)	0.4 lb. (6 oz.)	1-2	3	6
-4	0.5 yard (18”)	1.25 lbs.	2-3	5	10
-3	0.75 yard (27”)	4 lbs.	4	7-8	15
-2	1 yard (36”)	12.5 lbs.	5	10	20
-1	1.5 yards (54”)	40 lbs.	7-8	15	30
0	2 yards (6’)	125 lbs.	10	20	40
+1	3 yards (9’)	400 lbs.	15	30	60
+2	5 yards (15’)	1,250 lbs.	25	50	100
+3	7 yards (21’)	2 tons	35	70	140
+4	10 yards (30’)	6 tons	50	100	200
+5	15 yards (45’)	20 tons	75	150	300
+6	20 yards (60’)	60 tons	100	200	400
+7	30 yards (90’)	200 tons	150	300	600
+8	50 yards (150’)	600 tons	250	500	1,000

「[[スケール>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Scale]]」

• スケール（Scale）　p.13
  • 特色「細長い」（Gracile）　p.13
  • 特色「太短い」（Robust）　p.13
  • L-現実的なスケール（Realistic Scale）p.14
  • コラム：「L-考察：完全なリアリズム」（Under the Hood: Full Realism）p.14
  • L-マンガ的スケール（Cinematic Scale）p.14
  • L-群れ（Swarms）p.14

「[[生息地>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Habitats]]」

原書表記

　Characters can be native to non-Earthlike planets. For living organisms, this usually means they evolved there. Techno logical entities may be able to function under a wider range of conditions, but their materials and mechanisms can still fail in sufficiently harsh environments. Even supernatural beings often have affinities for specific terrains or substances, and have trouble manifesting or acting elsewhere.
　In addition to planetary environments, this section considers races that inhabit outer space.
　The traits that allow a race to function in its native environment usually cost no points, just as the human ability to survive on land on Earth costs no points. Some environmental conditions are exceptions to this, however.

「[[大気>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Atmosphere]]」

原書表記

　Most living organisms and many machines get their energy by reacting food or fuel with atmospheric oxygen. In addition, the structural integrity of living organisms generally depends on being under external pressure; in trace atmospheres or vacuum, they risk physical damage (Vacuum, p. B437) unless they have 「真空耐性」. 「機械」 are less vulnerable ――a result of the 「減圧無効」 特色 (p. 12).
On Earthlike planets, a basic distinction can be made between land and water terrains. (Planets of other types may have similar distinctions.) Land organisms get oxygen from air, as do air-breathing machines; since this is how humans function, breathing air costs no points. Water organisms get oxygen from water, often using gills; if they can only breathe underwater, 「呼吸不要」 (「えら」) is a 0-point 特色, but if they can also breathe air, use 「呼吸不要」 (「えら」, -50%) [10]. Tiny organisms, or elaborately branched ones such as some water plants, can exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through their body surfaces; treat this as 「呼吸不要」 (「酸素吸収」, -25%) [15]. 「機械」s can’t have these traits.
　As discussed on pp. 138-140 of GURPS Space, organisms on non-Earthlike planets might gain energy from breathing hydrogen, methane, sulfur compounds, or even fluorine or chlorine. Such atmospheres are suffocating, toxic, or corrosive (p. B429) ――but not to them. Treat this similarly to having gills, as 「呼吸不要」 (Hydrogen Breather) or the like. This is a 0-point 特色 if oxygen is toxic or corrosive to them (see Biochemical, pp. 19-20). If they can switch freely between oxygen and another gas, it’s 「呼吸不要」 with a -50% 限定. Immunity to Oxygen [5] reduces toxic to suffocating; for machines, this is included in 「無効化/代謝性の危険」. 「気密」 reduces corrosive to suffocating.
　Other organisms gain energy from breaking down complex molecules without breathing any gas; this makes them immune to suffocation. 「呼吸不要」 (Anaerobic) is a 0-point 特色 for an organism that can’t tolerate oxygen (or another reactive gas). Resisting the corrosive effects of oxygen still requires 「気密」. If oxygen isn’t toxic, use unmodified 「呼吸不要」; the same is true for a non-air-breathing machine.
　Each race has a native atmospheric pressure, defined as some multiple of Earth’s sea-level pressure. This is another 0-point 特色. All the pressure ranges defined in the rules (pp. B429-430) are multiplied by the race’s native pressure for it. If its native pressure is vacuum, treat any positive pressure as “superdense.” When rolling vs. 生命力 to avoid injury (p. B435), treat such pressure as 30× its native pressure, exactly cancel ing the basic +3.

「[[重力>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Gravity]]」

原書表記

　Different planets have different surface gravities, which can be estimated using the rules in GURPS Space ――or, for real planets, looked up in reference works. Surface grav ity is likely to affect the evolution of any life native to the planet. In discussing this, we’ll use “weight” to mean what a race would weigh in a 1G environment (a physicist would talk about “mass”); its weight in its home environment is its “native weight.”

　Beings from any native gravity suffer attribute penalties in lower or higher gravity (p. B350), though there are more penalties for higher gravity. Beings native to any planetary environment may suffer from the effects of free fall in zero gravity or microgravity (Space Adaptation Syndrome, p. B434). For simplicity, these different effects are treated as canceling out, making native gravity a 0-point 特色 (see Home Gravity, pp. B17-18).

　The existing rules for moving to higher or lower gravity (p. B350) work well for 1G creatures, but give less plausible results otherwise: Natives of high-gravity worlds end up burdened heavily by their own bodies; natives of low-gravity worlds can move freely at up to 1G. To avoid these issues, change the multiplier for added encumbrance at higher-than native gravity to (local gravity in Gs - native gravity in Gs).

　A race’s native gravity affects both its 体力 and its size, as measured by its longest dimension ――but not in the same way. High gravity requires high 体力 and a compact build; low grav ity allows low 体力 and a spindly build. This makes it necessary to distinguish a race’s effective SM for 体力 from its actual SM, as shown in the Gravity Table (p. 16). A positive SM doesn’t grant a 「サイズ修正」 for buying 体力 or HP, and a race’s native gravity doesn’t impose a change in its weight or HP, which remain unmodified. Finally, objects fall faster or slower in high or low gravity, so it’s plausible to adjust a race’s 基本反応速度, using the multipliers in the Gravity Table.

　In designing alien races, a useful trick is to trade off scale for gravity: If low gravity makes for increased height, compensate for this with decreased scale, and vice versa for high grav ity, ending up with SM 0 for height or length.

　Example: Mars’ surface gravity is 0.38G, barely within the range to give +2 SM for size but -1 for 体力. Decreasing scale two steps results in SM 0 (human scale) for size, -3 for 体力, and -2 for weight and HP; consulting the Size and Weight Table
(p. 13), this makes Martians 6’ tall, 体力 4, 12.5 lbs., and HP 5. Under Martian gravity, they have native weight 4.75 lbs.

　基本移動力 depends on both gravity and leg length. To estimate this, multiply the race’s longest dimension in yards, from the Size and Weight Table, by its native gravity, and see the 基本移動力 Table (below). Add or subtract 5% or 10% if the race has some level of 「細長い」 or 「太短い」 (both p. 14). For extreme cases, use the formula 基本移動力 = 3.5 × square root of (gravity × longest dimension). For a race with unusually short or long legs, adjust 基本移動力 up or down, typically by ±1.

　Example: Martians (the human-scale version) have longest dimension 2 yards and gravity 0.38G; the product, 0.76, gives 基本移動力 3.

　It’s possible to find exact values, starting with actual native gravity. Divide longest body dimension by native gravity; multiply both 体力 and 基本反応速度 by (square root of native gravity). Use exact height in the 基本移動力 formula.

　Example: Under 0.38G, if we use the Size and Weight Table, human-weight Martians have SM -1 for 体力, which corresponds to 体力 7-8, and SM +2 for scale, which corresponds to 5 yards height. Height 5 yards and 0.38G give 基本移動力 5. Assuming a baseline 基本反応速度 of 5.00, Martians have 基本反応速度 3.75. If we use the exact gravity value, human-weight Martians have 体力 = 10 × 0.62, which rounds to 6; height 6’/0.38 = 15’9”; and 基本反応速度 = 5.00 × 0.62, which rounds to 3.00. Height 5.25 yards gives 基本移動力 5. Under Martian gravity, they have native weight 47.5 lbs.

　Some races live in “weightless” environments: immersed in water or another fluid, floating in the air, or in actual
zero gravity in outer space. Ignore the calculations above for them ――weightlessness would imply multiplying or dividing by zero! Choose a weight for them and give them the corresponding HP. 体力 can be anything you like; convenient numbers are 0 for a passively drifting entity like a seaweed, or equal to HP to keep the design simple.

　Races that are native to outer space have Immunity to Space Sickness as a 0-point 特色. Since their native gravity is actually 0, their encumbrance on any planet is based on their entire body weight.

「[[重力表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Gravity_Table]]」

原書表記

Gravity Range	Effective SM for 体力	Actual SM	基本反応速度 Multiplier
0.076-0.15*	-3	+6	×0.35
0.16-0.35	-2	+4	×0.50
0.36-0.75	-1	+2	×0.75
0.76-1.50	0	0	×1.00
1.51-3.50	+1	-2	×1.50
3.51-7.50	+2	-4	×2.50
7.51-15.0	+3	-6	×3.50

　* Gravity less than 0.1G is defined as “microgravity”; see pp. B350, B434.

「[[基本移動力表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Basic_Move_Table]]」

原書表記

Gravity × Longest Dimension	0.1	0.3	0.7	1.3	2	2.9	4	5.2
基本移動力	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8

「[[マナと環境>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Mana_and_the_Environment]]」

原書表記

　In magical settings, some characters and races may function in ways that depend on magic. Varying mana levels (p. B235) may then affect ――or limit ――their functioning. This can take several forms.

　Specific abilities may require magic to function. This is inherent in 「魔法の素質」 (pp. B66-67), the ability to cast spells. Other advantages can be given the パワー修正 「魔法」, -10% (see 「種族とパワー?」, p. 35).

　Some living creatures may be magivores, metabolically powered by magic. In technomagic campaigns, some robots or vehicles may similarly have magical power plants. See Sustenance (pp. 25-26) for suitable rules. In no-mana worlds or areas, they starve to death (for life forms) or run down (for machines).

　Embodied spirits (p. 8) may be able to manifest only with the aid of mana. If so, their physical manifestations cease to exist in a no-mana area: elementals revert to their inanimate substance, and angels and demons simply vanish. Treat this as 「依存」 (Mana; Constantly).

「[[照明>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Illumination]]」

「[[照明レベル表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Illumination_Levels_Table]]」

原書表記

　Humans are diurnal and have eyes adapted to daytime light levels on Earth. This actually covers a wide range of illumination levels with no penalties; see the Illumination Levels Table (p. 17). A light level of 200,000+ lux ――or any light five or more steps above what the eyes have adapted to ――requires a 生命力 roll, at -1 per step past five. Success by 3+ avoids problems; success by 0-2 requires readapting upon returning to the lower light (extra -2 to Vision for two minutes); failure dazzles (extra -4 to Vision for minutes equal to margin of failure, after which readapting to the lower light is necessary); and critical failure blinds for seconds equal to margin of failure and then works like normal failure.

　Other Earth animals are adapted to dimmer conditions. Typical nocturnal animals have darkness penalties reduced by three levels, and can be dazzled by 2,000+ lux. Deep sea creatures, or some nocturnal predators, have darkness penalties reduced by six levels, and can be dazzled by 20+ lux.

　On other planets, light levels may be higher or lower. If using GURPS Space, assume that full sunlight is 50,000 lux × L/(R squared), where L is the sun’s luminosity in solar units and R is the planet’s average orbital radius in astronomical units; round up to the next higher level and take the result as the upper limit of undazzled vision for diurnal animals.
Alternatively, choose a light level as the upper limit that corresponds to the temperature at which the planetary biosphere’s solvent is a liquid (Table of Solvents, p. 18): helium, 5 lux; hydrogen, 500 lux; methane or ethane, 10,000 lux; ammonia or water, 50,000 lux; sulfuric acid, 200,000 lux; sulfur, 1,000,000 lux; magma or iron, 5,000,000 lux. Illumination four levels lower is the lower limit for seeing without darkness penalties, defined as a race’s native illumination; e.g., human native illumination is 100 lux.


Illumination Levels Table

Penalty	Minimum Lux	Illumination
-10	0	Total darkness
-9	0.0001	Overcast moonless night
-8	0.0005
-7	0.002	Starlight
-6	0.01
-5	0.05	Moonlight, indicator LED
-4	0.2
-3	1	Candlelight
-2	5	Twilight, flashlight beam, torchlight
-1	20
0	100	Very overcast day, interior light
0	500	Reading light, arc light
0	2,000	TV studio
0	10,000	Daylight
0	50,000	Direct sunlight, surgical theater
+3 levels	×100

「[[放射線>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Radiation]]」

原書表記

　Radiation (technically ionizing radiation) damages living things by putting their molecules into energized, highly reactive states. Part of this damage is cumulative: If a being receives a dose of 1 rad or more, 10% of the dose (rounded down) never heals (pp. B435-436). A race with a superior ability to repair radiation damage could have the「被曝残留値回復」 特典 (p. 45) or some level of 「HP再生」 with Heals Radiation or Radiation Only, which includes the benefits of 「被曝残留値回復」.
Some Earth organisms have these traits; 「HP再生」 (Slow; Radiation Only, -60%) [4] is fairly common in the animal kingdom. If alien life forms can exist in high-radiation environments, they’ll need higher levels; e.g., an organism on Jupiter’s moon Io would receive 3,600 rads daily, and would require 「HP再生」 (Fast) to survive. It doesn’t seem likely that any life form would need radiation to keep it alive, so recovery from radiation isn’t a 0-point 特色. 「機械」 with the 「電気式」 不利な特徴 have Radiation Hardened, a 0-point 特色 (p. 12). Those that must operate in high-radiation environments may have some level of Radiation Tolerance.

　「機械」 without the 「電気式」 不利な特徴 don’t suffer radiation damage, nor do races whose structure is homogenous (see Composition, pp. 19-21).

「[[温度>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Temperature]]」

原書表記

　GURPS gives each character a thermal comfort zone that allows normal functioning. For ordinary human beings, this is from 35°F to 90°F. This 55° range can be shifted up or down as a 0-point 特色. On Earth, creatures native to hot climates (jungle terrain, or many types of desert or grassland) may be comfortable from 55°F to 110°F; creatures native to cold climates (arctic terrain) may go at low as -5°F to 50°F. Colder places exist, but they’re permanently frozen. Planets with temperature ranges as much as 80°F hotter or colder are defined on p. 83 of GURPS Space as possible “garden worlds” that might have water-based life.

　A wider comfort zone requires 「気温の変化に強い」 (p. B93). Each level adds 生命力 in °F, divided as desired between hotter and colder.

　Water conducts heat much better than air. For creatures immersed in water, the comfort zone is only a 10° range (between 75°F and 85°F, if humanlike). Each level of 「気温の変化に強い」 adds just 生命力/5 in °F.

　Things get more complicated for a solvent (the liquid in which biomolecules are dissolved) other than water (see GURPS Space, pp. 137-139). For example, hydrogen liquefies at -423°F and freezes at -434°F, a difference of 11°. A 55° comfort zone would mean being able to survive freezing, boiling, or both! To deal with this, do the following:

　1. Find the temperature range at which the solvent is liquid; the Table of Solvents (p. 18) gives this information for likely solvents. Example: Hydrogen is liquid between -434°F and -423°F; sulfur, between 239°F and 832°F.

　2. Find the range’s size in degrees. Example: Hydrogen is liquid over an 11° range; sulfur, over a 593° range.

　3. Find the divisor or multiplier that scales between this and the 180° range for liquid water.
Round to the nearest whole number. Example: For hydrogen, that’s 180°/11° = 16 (liquid over 1/16 as wide a range as water); for sulfur, that’s 593°/180 = 3 (liquid over 3× as wide a range as water).

　4. Scale the standard 55° comfort zone by the same factor to find the size of the typical comfort zone in this environment; round fractions up. This can fall anywhere in the liquid range. Example: Liquid hydrogen creatures have a comfort zone 55°/16 = 3.4° wide, rounded up to 4°, between -434°F and -423°F; liquid sulfur beings have a zone 55° × 3 = 165° wide between 239°F and 832°F.

　5. Apply the same factor to 生命力 for 「気温の変化に強い」. Example: Liquid hydrogen life forms add 生命力/16 degrees to comfort zone per level of 「気温の変化に強い」; liquid sulfur beings add 3×生命力 degrees.

　If you know the habitat’s actual temperature, make sure it falls into the comfort zone.

「[[溶媒表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Table_of_Solvents]]」

• 注釈
  • [1] 572°F を超えるとゆっくりと分解します。
  • [2] 組成によって異なります。 超苦鉄質形態 (<45% 二酸化ケイ素) は 2,940°F に達することがあります。

原書表記

Table of Solvents
　Any of these temperatures can be much higher at greater pressures!

Solvent	Freezing Point	Boiling Point	Liquid Range	Comfort Zone Width	「気温の変化に強い」	Notes
Helium	-458°F	-452°F	6°	2°	+生命力/30
Hydrogen	-434°F	-423°F	11°	4°	+生命力/16
Ethane	-297°F	-127°F	170°	55°	+生命力
Methane	-296°F	-259°F	37°	11°	+生命力/5
Ammonia	-108°F	-28°F	80°	28°	+生命力/2
Water	32°F	212°F	180°	55°	+生命力
Sulfuric Acid	50°F	639°F	589°	165°	+3×生命力	[1]
Sulfur	239°F	832°F	593°	165°	+3×生命力
Magma (Rock)	1,300°F	2,400°F	1,100°	330°	+6×生命力	[2]
Iron	2,800°F	5,182°F	2,382°	715°	+13×生命力

Notes
[1] Decomposes slowly above 572°F.
[2] Varies with composition; ultramafic forms (<45% silicon dioxide) can reach 2,940°F.

「[[物質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Substance]]」

原書表記

　The preceding rules assume a race made of flesh or another material with comparable density ――but that isn’t the only option! Different density further modifies weight, HP, 体力, and BL. And many substances have other properties that a racial template must take into account.

「[[密度と重量>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Density_and_Weight]]」

原書表記

　Races made of denser or more tenuous materials than flesh weigh more or less than animals of equal volume. Density is specified as a multiple of that of water. Find this on the Density Table (below) to learn the “density modifier”: an adjustment to the race’s SM when determining its weight and HP, and also its 体力, but not its longest dimension. If density falls between two multiples, use the next-higher modifier. To extend the table, multiply or divide density by 10 for each two steps ――but no natural chemical substance has a density above 30!

　Denser-than-water beings can purchase 体力 and HP with the Density 限定: -5% per +1 density modifier. This reflects such inconveniences as being unable to float, sinking into soft ground, and having furniture collapse. It amounts to a leveled 「迷惑」, as it doesn’t also include being more easily seen or targeted.

　For exact values, multiply weight by the actual density factor, as given in Densities of Materials (p. 19). Multiply both HP and 体力 by the cube root of the density factor.

　The density of a living creature is close to that of the solvent its metabolism is based on. For example, a human-sized alien using liquid helium as its solvent would have density 0.145 and density modifier -1. It would get no reduction in the cost of its 体力 or HP. This is often true of undead beings, too, but some weigh less in proportion to their scale (Postmortal, p. 21).

　The density of a 「均一」 being equals that of the material it’s made from. For example, a human-shaped stone figure might have density 2.4 and density modifier +1, letting it buy 体力 and HP at -5%.

　Things get more complicated for machines. Their designs can include hollow spaces, filled with lighter materials such as air or even with vacuum. Many machines, particularly vehicles, are between density 0.3 and 1.0: light enough to float (unless they leak!). For similar reasons, lighter-than-air vehicles have density slightly lower than 0.0012. For other vehicles, it’s less straightforward: The weights of actual vehicles can often be looked up, but their exact volumes can’t ――and their shapes are too irregular for volume calculations. To get a workable estimate, divide the vehicle’s unloaded weight by the weight in the Size and Weight Table (p. 13).

　Example: A World War II Panzer IV (GURPS High-Tech, p. 238) has SM +4; the weight for this SM is 6 tons. The Panzer has LWt. 27.5 tons and Load 1.1 tons; the difference is 26.4 tons. Dividing 26.4 by 6 gives density 4.4. This is above the upper limit of +1 to equivalent SM; we give the tank +2. It has Density, -10% ――in addition to Size, -40% ――when buying 体力 and HP. With 体力 150 (figured from unloaded weight), its 種族テンプレート includes 体力+140 (Density, -10%; No Fine Manipulators, -40%; Size, -40%) [280].

「[[密度表>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Density_Table]]」

原書表記

Density Table

Density Multiple	Density Modifier	Density Multiple	Density Modifier
0.001	-6	0.3	-1
0.003	-5	1	0
0.01	-4	3	+1
0.03	-3	10	+2
0.1	-2	30	+3

「[[素材の密度>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Densities_of_Materials]]」

• 注釈（Notes）
  • [1]　地上で（At surface.）
  • [2]　地球の核の外側と内側の境界で（At outer/inner boundary of Earth’s core.）
  • [3]　海抜ゼロメートルで（At sea level.）
  • [4]　鉄または鋼（Iron or steel.）
  • [5]　青銅（Bronze.）
  • [6]　典型的な石（Typical.）
  • [7]　ダイヤモンド（Diamond.）

原書表記

Densities of Materials

Substance	Density	Equivalent SM	体力/HP Limitation	Notes
Solvents
Liquid Helium	0.145	-1	−
Liquid Hydrogen	0.07	-2	−
Liquid Ethane	0.54	0	−
Liquid Methane	0.42	0	−
Liquid Ammonia	0.68	0	−
Water	1	0	−
Sulfuric Acid	1.8	+1	-5%
Liquid Sulfur	1.8	+1	-5%
Magma	2.2-2.8	+1	-5%
Liquid Iron	7	+2	-10%	[1]
	12.2	+3	-15%	[2]
Elemental Materials
Air	0.0012	-5	−	[3]
Earth	1.1-1.6	+1	-5%
Fire	0.0003	-6	−
Ice	0.9	0	−
Metal	7.9	+2	-10%	[4]
	8.9	+2	-10%	[5]
Stone	2.4-3.0	+1	-5%	[6]
	3.5	+2	-10%	[7]
Wood	0.5	0	−

• Notes
  • [1] At surface.
  • [2] At outer/inner boundary of Earth’s core.
  • [3] At sea level.
  • [4] Iron or steel.
  • [5] Bronze.
  • [6] Typical.
  • [7] Diamond.

コラム：「[[実施例：スケール、重力、密度の組み合わせ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Worked_Example_Putting_Together_Scale_Gravity_and_Density]]」

原書表記

　A race’s size, weight, HP, and 体力 can be affected by its scale, native gravity, and composition. To see how these fit together, consider the Ymirites, a race with liquid hydrogen as their solvent, native to a world with surface gravity 1.75G.

●Scale can be chosen freely. The Ymirites have SM +2, affecting size, weight, HP, and 体力.

●Gravity of 1.75G gives +1 to effective SM for 体力 and -2 to actual SM.

●Hydrogen has density 0.07, giving -2 to effective SM for weight, HP, and 体力.

　The Ymirites end up with actual SM 0; effective SM 0 for weight and HP; and effective SM +1 for 体力. This gives longest dimension 2 yards, weight 125 lbs., HP 10, and 体力 15; that’s equivalent to 体力+5 [50] and HP-5 [-10], for a net 40 points. Gravity gives ×1.5 基本反応速度; taking this as 7.50 gives 基本反応速度+2.50 [50]. Gravity 1.75 × longest dimension 2 yards is 3.5, for 基本移動力 7 (worth 0 points).

　If we use the precise formulas, SM +2 for scale gives ×10 weight, corresponding to ×2.15 size, 体力, and HP. Density gives ×0.07 weight and ×0.41 体力 and HP. Gravity gives ×0.57 size and ×1.32 体力. The Ymirites end up with ×1.23 size, or 2.46 yards, for SM +1; ×0.7 weight, or 88 lbs.; ×0.88 HP, for HP 9; and ×1.16 体力, for 体力 12. Their native weight is 154 lbs. Their 基本反応速度 is ×1.32; rounding this to 6.50 gives 基本反応速度+1.50. Gravity 1.75 × longest dimension 2.46 yards is 4.31, for 基本移動力 7, giving 基本移動力+1.

「[[肉体構成物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Composition]]」

原書表記

　Beyond density, different materials have different physical and chemical properties. These may confer advantages and 不利な特徴s.

「[[生化学>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Biochemical]]」

原書表記

Biochemical
　For living organisms, the main differences are biochemical: what kinds of chemical reactions their solvent and complex molecules are capable of.
Non-water-based life forms don’t take 「特殊な生理反応」 ――their composition is so different that human food or medication would never be beneficial and could well be toxic.
Treat this as a standard 禁止性質.

　Some solvents are strongly acid or alkaline. The bodily fluids of life forms using these solvents can inflict corrosion damage like that from concentrated acids (p. B428).
However, water and neutral aqueous solutions act on them as alkalis or acids, respectively, doing similar damage.

• 生化学的異生物（Biochemical）pp.19-20
  • 「ヘリウムベースの生命体?」（Helium-Based Life Form）p.19
  • 「水素ベースの生命体?」（Hydrogen-Based Life Form）p.19
  • 「メタンベースまたはエタンベースの生命体?」（Methane- or Ethane-Based Life Form）p.19
  • 「アンモニアベースの生命体?」（Ammonia-Based Life Form）p.19
  • 「水ベースの生命体?」（Water-Based Life Form）p.19
  • 「塩素ベースの生命体?」（Chlorine-Based Life Form）p.20
  • 「硫酸ベースの生命体?」（Sulfuric Acid-Based Life Form）p.20
  • 「硫黄ベースの生命体?」（Sulfur-Based Life Form）p.20
  • 「マグマ生命体?」（Magma Life Form）p.20
  • 「鉄ベースの生命体?」（Iron-Based Life Form）p.20

原書表記

●Helium-Based Life Form: Based on exotic molecules dissolved in liquid helium. 「防護点」 20 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [60]; 「呼吸不要」 (Anaerobic; Oxygen is Toxic) [0]; Native Illumination 0.01 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone -456°F to -454°F [0]; 「真空耐性」 [5]. 65 points.

●Hydrogen-Based Life Form: Based on silanols (analogs of alcohols based on silicon rather than carbon) dissolved in liquid hydrogen. 「呼吸不要」 (Anaerobic; Oxygen is Toxic and Corrosive) [0]; Native Illumination 0.2 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone -431°F to -427°F [0]. 0 points.

●Methane- or Ethane-Based Life Form: Based on lipids (fat like compounds) dissolved in liquid hydrocarbons. 「防護点」 10 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [30]; 「呼吸不要」 (Hydrogen-Breathing; Oxygen is Toxic) [0]; Native Illumination 20 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone -283°F to -272°F (methane) or -239°F to -184°F (ethane) [0]. 30 points.

●Ammonia-Based Life Form: Based on carbon/nitrogen polymers dissolved in liquid ammonia. 「呼吸不要」 (Hydrogen-Breathing; Oxygen is Toxic and Corrosive) [0]; Strongly Alkaline [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone -82°F to -54°F [0]. 0 points.

●Water-Based Life Form: Based on proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in water. 0 points.

●Chlorine-Based Life Form: Based on proteins and nucleic acids dissolved in water/chlorine solution. In the presence of oxygen, such beings must make a 生命力 roll every 24 hours to avoid 1 point of toxic damage. 「呼吸不要」 (Chlorine-Breathing; Oxygen is Suffocating) [5]; Mild Toxicity (Oxygen) [-1]; Strongly Acid [0]. 4 points.

●Sulfuric Acid-Based Life Form: Based on silicones dissolved in sulfuric acid. Native Illumination 500 lux [0]; Strongly Acid [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone 262°F to 427°F [0]. 0 points.

●Sulfur-Based Life Form: Based on silicones dissolved in liquid sulfur. 「呼吸不要」 (Hydrogen Sulfide-Breathing; Oxygen is Toxic) [0]; Native Illumination 2,000 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone 453°F to 618°F [0]. 0 points.

●Magma Life Form: Based on silicates dissolved in molten rock. 「防護点」 10 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [30]; 「呼吸不要」 (Anaerobic, -0%) [20]; Native Illumination 10,000 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone 1,685°F to 2,015°F [0]. 50 points.

●Iron-Based Life Form: Based on magnetic domains in molten iron/sulfur compounds. Affected by Magnetism [-1] 「呼吸不要」 (「えら」; Sulfur-Breathing; Oxygen is Toxic and Corrosive) [0]; Native Illumination 10,000 lux [0]; Thermal Comfort Zone 3,634°F to 4,349°F [0]. -1 points.

「[[技術的異生物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Technological]]」

• 技術的異生物（Technological）p.20
  • 「木製?」（Wooden Structure (TL0-6)）p.20
  • 「鉄/鋼製?」（Iron/Steel Structure (TL5-8)）p.20
  • 「軽金属製?」（Light Metal Structure (TL6-12)）p.20
  • 「ポリマー製?」（Polymer Structure (TL7-12)）p.20
  • 「ダイヤ製?」（Diamondoid Structure (TL11-12)）p.20

原書表記

Technological
　Vehicles, robots, and other machines are usually made of combinations of materials.
Their HP primarily reflect the strength of their structural frames, however, and what those frames are made of mainly determines their physical and chemical properties.
Different structural materials are prevalent at different TLs.
Technological 共通性質s don’t include 体力, HP, or DR, as those vary with a mechanism’s size and weight, as discussed in the preceding sections.

●Wooden Structure (TL0-6): Based on seasoned wood. 「防護点」 5 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [15]; 「脆弱」 (着火性) [-5]. 10 points.

●Iron/Steel Structure (TL5-8): Based on ferrous metals and alloys. Affected by Magnetism [-1]; 「錆びる」 [-1]. Notes: May be galvanized to remove 「錆びる」. -2 points.

●Light Metal Structure (TL6-12): Based on aluminum, titanium, or other metals or their alloys. 0 points.

●Polymer Structure (TL7-12): 「防護点」 5 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [15]. 15 points.

●Diamondoid Structure (TL11-12): Based on synthetic crystals structurally similar to diamond. 「防護点」 10 (「タイプ限定/電気」, -40%) [30]. 30 points.

コラム：「[[仮想的かつ幻想的な存在>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Virtual_and_Illusory_Beings]]」

原書表記

Virtual and Illusory Beings
　Infomorphs and intangible spirits may have the appearance of physical beings, through magic or the image-projection capabilities of a cybershell an infomorph is inhabiting (such as a computer). For an infomorph, give the cybershell the Illusion advantage (from GURPS Powers). A spirit can have the Illusion advantage as well, possibly with Mental, as a magical ability ――or it may simply be able to turn off its 「透明」 and reveal its true form.
　Such forms can neither act on the physical world nor be damaged by physical attacks. Physical images can create light or sound, but not at levels that overload the senses (see Attack, p. 29). A race with only one apparent form buys racial appearance and voice normally. One that can project varied forms pays for the most favorable appearance and voice it can assume; comparable or worse apparent forms cost no points.

「[[源素的異生物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Elemental]]」

• 源素的異生物（Elemental）pp.20-21
  • 「空気の体」（Body of Air）p.20
  • 「土の体」（Body of Earth）p.20
  • 「炎の体」（Body of Fire）p.20
  • 「氷の体」（Body of Ice）p.20
  • 「金属の体」（Body of Metal）p.20
  • 「石の体」（Body of Stone）p.21
  • 「水の体」（Body of Water）p.21
  • 「木の体」（Body of Wood）p.21

原書表記

Elemental
　An elemental is a being made up of a single homogenous substance, animated by magic or other supernatural forces ――a notion attributed to the 16th-century alchemist and pharmacologist Paracelsus, though parallel ideas exist in other cultures.
Densities of Materials (p. 19) lists elemental substances; adjust weight, HP, and 体力 accordingly, but note that the animating energy may lend cohesion to diffuse or granular substances, so that HP don’t depend on mass.
Beings of earth, metal, and stone typically have 「水に浮かない」, but those with hollow interiors can be exceptions.

●Body of Air: Your body is made of air or another gas, given cohesion by magic. 体力 0 [-100]; HP+10 [20]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飛行」 (「大気より軽い」
, -10%) [36]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「集合体」) [100]; 「脚がない」 (「空中移動」) [0]; 「手足がない」 [-50]; 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/体力」) [0]; 「弱み」 (Vacuum and Wind ×2) [-20]. 36 points.

●Body of Earth: Your body is made of sand, soil, or clay. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; DR 2 [10]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「集合体」) [100]; 「耐圧」 2 [10]; 「真空耐性」 [5].
Notes: This 共通性質 differs from that on p. B262. It lacks 「無脊椎」, to allow for humanoids such as golems with bodies of clay. It isn’t 「気密」, having a granular texture, which also makes it vulnerable to extreme pressures, limiting it to 「耐圧」 2. 175 points.

●Body of Fire: Your body is an animate flame! If your flames are very hot, increase Burning Attack and DR. 体力 0 [-100]; HP+10 [20]; Burning Attack 1d (Always On, -40%; Aura, +80%; Melee Attack, Reach C, -30%) [6]; 「呼吸不要」 (「酸素燃焼」
, -50%) [10]; DR 10 (「タイプ限定/」, Heat/Fire, -40%) [30]; 「燃料で動く」 [0]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「集合体」) [100]; 「脚がない」 (Slithers) [0]; 「手足がない」 [-50]; 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/体力」) [0]; 「苦手」 (Water; 1d/minute) [-40].
Notes: Fire elementals have a variant form of 「燃料で動く」: If deprived of fuel, they do lose FP, followed by HP, and they can “starve to death,” after which providing more fuel doesn’t bring them back to life. 6 points.

●Body of Ice: Your body is made up of ice. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; DR 3 [15]; 「脆弱」 (脆い) [-15]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」; 血液がない) [45]; 「耐圧」 3 [15]; 「気密」 [15]; Slippery 3 [6]; Terrain Adaptation (Ice) [5]; Vacuum Support [5]; 「弱み」 (Heat/Fire ×2) [-30]; 「苦手」 (Intense normal heat; 1d/minute; Variable, -40%) [-12]. 99 points.

●Body of Metal: Your body is made up of metal. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; DR 9 [45]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」; 血液がない) [45]; Pressure Support 3 [15]; 「気密」 [15]; 「真空耐性」 [5].
Notes: The 癖s Affected by Magnetism and 「錆びる」 (p. 46), while optional, suit ferrous metal bodies. 175 points.

●Body of Stone: Your body is made up of rock, either as a solid mass or broken up into gravel. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; DR 5 [25]; 「脆弱」 (脆い) [-15]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」; 血液がない) [45]; 「耐圧」 3 [15]; 「気密」 [15]; 「真空耐性」 [5]. 140 points.

●Body of Water: Your body is made up of water or a liquid that can be mixed with water. 「水中適応」 [10]; Constriction Attack [15]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「集合体」) [100]; 「無脊椎」 [-20]; 「耐圧」 3 [15]; Slippery 5 [10]; 「弱み」 (Dehydration ×2) [-10]. 170 points.

●Body of Wood: Your body is made up of wood; this can apply to either a wooden figure or a living tree. DR 2 [10]; 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」; 血液がない) [45]. Notes: If not a living tree, add 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「脆弱」 (着火性) [-5]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「耐圧」 2 [10]. 55 points (living) or 110 points (nonliving).

「[[エネルギー的異生物>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Energy]]」

• エネルギー的異生物（Energy）p.21
  • 「電気の体」（Body of Electricity）p.21　［55cp］
  • 「光の体」（Body of Light）p.21　［105cp］
  • 「音の体」（Body of Sound）p.21　［160cp］

原書表記

Energy
　Beings made out of cohesive energy are basically a variant of elementals, but they’re usually science fiction rather than fantasy (though it’s hard to make the science rigorous).
Often they’re portrayed as evolutionarily advanced races and/or inhabitants of outer space, perhaps feeding on sunlight or cosmic radiation.
They can be affected by conditions and technology that affect the energy that makes them up; for example, beings of light can be wounded by lasers, reflected by mirrors, or absorbed by dark materials (treated as entanglement).
This adds the Elemental power modifier (GURPS Powers, p. 27) to Injury Tolerance (Diffuse).

●Body of Electricity: ST 0 [-100]; HP+10 [20]; Affected by Magnetism [-1]; Cannot Speak [-15]; Doesn’t Breathe [20]; Electrical [-20]; Flight [40]; Generator [1]; Immunity to Metabolic Hazards [30]; Injury Tolerance (Diffuse; Elemental, -10%) [90]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Pressure Support 3 [15]; Signals (Electrical Pulses) [15]; Taboo Trait (Fixed ST) [0]; Vibration Sense (Active Electroreception) [10]. Notes: For ST 0 beings with the Generator perk, sustained power output in watts is (HT×HT)/5, and short-term exertions require a HT roll. 55 points.

●Body of Light: ST 0 [-100]; HP+10 [20]; Detect (Light; Analyzing, +100%; Reflexive, +40%) [24]; Doesn’t Breathe [20]; Flight (Space Flight, +50%) [60]; Illumination [1]; Immunity to Metabolic Hazards [30]; Injury Tolerance (Diffuse; Elemental, -10%) [90]; Mute [-25]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Pressure Support 3 [15]; Signals (Blinker) [15]; Taboo Trait (Fixed ST) [0]; Vacuum Support [5]. 105 points.

●Body of Sound: ST 0 [-100]; HP+10 [20]; Doesn’t Breathe [20]; Flight [40]; Immunity to Metabolic Hazards [30]; Injury Tolerance (Diffuse; Elemental, -10%) [90]; Invisibility [40]; Mimicry [10]; No Legs (Aerial) [0]; No Manipulators [-50]; Pressure Support 3 [15]; Sonar (Extended Arc, 360°, +125%) [45]; Taboo Trait (Fixed ST) [0]. 160 points.

「[[死後>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Postmortal]]」

原書表記

　Several 共通性質s reflect being a dead person who still walks the Earth, or haunts part of it. The existence and condition of the remains dictate which 共通性質 to use. All omit traits that might be expected but aren’t universal ――notably 「睡眠不要」, 「脆弱」 (Unnatural), 「疲労点なし」, and Unhealing.

　Some remains weigh less than the living person: Divide weight by 4 for desiccated bodies or skeletons (skeletons are also Skinny), by 25 for ashes. Retain the original volume and SM (if compacted, ashes have -3 to SM). For skeletons and ashes, the original weight is the weight before applying Skinny, Overweight, Fat, or Very Fat.

●Ashen Undead:
　The ashes of someone who was burned to death or cremated, in a semi-cohesive cloud. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; 「痛みに強い」 [10]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (Dif
fuse; No Eyes) [105]; 「不妊」 [0]; 「気温の変化に強い」 10 [10]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 200 points.

●Intact Undead:
　A dead body that hasn’t decayed significantly. 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「痛みに強い」 [10]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (「無生物」) [20]; 「不妊」 [0]; 「面妖」 (「体温がない」; No Pulse; 「蒼白」) [-20]; 「気温の変化に強い」 10 [10]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. Notes: 「飲食不要」 [10] and 「負傷耐性」 (血液がない) [5], though common, are absent in the archetype: the vampire. 「将来的変身」 (Rotting Undead) [0] is also widespread, but some entities are mystically preserved. 85 points.

●Mummified Undead:
　A body that has dried out rather than rotting. 「容貌」 (「怪物的」; Universal, +25%) [-25]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; 「脆弱」 (着火性) [-5]; 「痛みに強い」 [10]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (血液がない; 「脳がない」; 「重要器官がない」; 「無生物」) [35]; 「社会的弱者」 (Dead) [-20]; 「不妊」 [0]; 「気温の変化に強い」 10 [10]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 80 points.

●Rotting Undead:
　A body that has been dead long enough to decay significantly. 「容貌」 (「怪物的」; Universal, +25%) [-25]; 「悪臭」 [-10]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; 「痛みに強い」 [10]; Immunity to Metabolic Hazards [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (血液がない; 「無生物」) [25]; 「嗅覚・味覚消失」 [-5]; 「将来的変身」 (Skeletal Undead) [0]; Sexless [-1]; 「社会的弱者」 (Dead) [-20]; Temperature Tol
erance 10 [10]; 「年をとらない」 [15]. 59 points.

●Skeletal Undead:
　A body that has been reduced to bones, held together by dried tendons or magic. 基本反応速度+1.00 [20]; 「容貌」 (「怪物的」; Universal, +25%) [-25]; Cannot Float [-1]; 「呼吸不要」 [20]; 「飲食不要」 [10]; DR 2 [10]; 「脆弱」 (脆い) [-15]; 「痛みに強い」 [10]; 「無効化/代謝性の危険」 [30]; 「負傷耐性」 (血液がない; No Brain; No Eyes; 「重要器官がない」; 「無生物」) [40]; No Sense of Smell/ Taste [-5]; Sexless [-1]; Skinny [-5]; 「社会的弱者」 (Dead) [-20]; 「気温の変化に強い」 10 [10]; 「年をとらない」 [15]; 「真空耐性」 [5]; 「弱み」 (Crushing ×2) [-30]. 68 points.

コラム：「[[実施例：スケルトンの体>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Worked_Example_Skeletal_Bodies]]」

原書表記

　Alice Fong, when alive, had 体力 8, stood 5’3”, and was Over weight at 150 lbs. After her death, she became a walking skeleton. Her corresponding average weight is 115 lbs. (150 lbs. divided by 1.30). Dividing this by 4 gives 29 lbs.; applying the 2/3 multiplier for Skinny gives 19 lbs. The corresponding HP score for an 「無生物」character is 11. The 体力 score is the same ――but Alice has -2 to 体力 to resist knockback, for effective 体力 9.

「[[第3章>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#03]]」
[[第3章「性質の選択」>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#03]]

原書表記

　After making the initial choices, it’s time for a full racial design. Just as with a new invention (pp. B473-474), this involves two steps: coming up with a concept and then creating a model ――a 種族テンプレート. Building the template includes figuring out all the point costs involved and summing them up. This chapter discusses the “how to”; for examples, see Appendix B.

　Not all character traits work well in racial design. Traits such as Dwarfism and 「歩行障害」 are defined as individual rather than racial. Many social traits ――especially those reflecting relationships to specific people, like Allies and Enemy ――fit individuals rather than populations. Traits that alter the flow of the game ――such as 「追加の命」, Luck, Serendipity, and Weirdness Magnet ――are primarily designed to apply to individual characters, and it’s also hard to rationalize their being inheritable.

「[[コンセプトデザイン>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Conceptual_Design]]」

原書表記

　For a race to make sense, it needs a unifying concept ――a single theme that all of its traits reflect, so that they’re consistent with each other. Usually, no one trait will capture this. Rather, it’s a more abstract idea reinforced by several crucial traits without being fully defined by them.
　It’s important to make sure that secondary traits are consistent with the high-priority traits. But this is only a tool for making sure they’re consistent with the basic concept. And it’s best to be cautious in adding other traits, to avoid complicating the design and obscuring its basic idea.

「[[キャンペーンに種族を合わせる>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Fitting_the_Race_to_the_Campaign]]」

原書表記

　Even more basically, a campaign has a setting and a theme.

　The setting mainly provides limits on what kinds of races are plausible. Some of these are physical: A campaign set in an asteroid belt mining community makes it hard to have plausible aquatic life forms or water spirits.
Other limits stem from the way the world works. In a preindustrial setting, digital intelligences and cybershells don’t fit (though there might be artificial beings such as Talos, the bronze giant who guarded Crete in Greek legend).
In a near-future technothriller, there won’t be spirits or magically created beings (though in a cyberpunk campaign, analogs of both might exist in cyberspace). Nonhuman races are part of the fantastic aspect of a world, and need to fit the premise that supports that.

　The theme may make some kinds of races necessary.
For example, in an apocalyptic campaign where advanced technology threatens human survival, robots will be designed for combat functions, and many are likely to be vehicular rather than humanoid.
In a campaign about fear of the unnatural, subtler robots may impersonate people: technological doppelgangers that outwardly appear human. In a campaign about civil rights and political oppression, robot workers might petition for self-ownership or seek protection from human mobs; they may be approximately human-shaped but visibly mechanical. Different robot “races” would fit these different campaigns.

　In a tightly focused campaign, races may exist only to play roles that support the theme, and be narrowly limited to such roles. With a broader focus, races may appear in roles contrasting with the main theme, or exploring implications of the setting’s premise, and only incidentally involved with the storyline. Some fictional worlds have both treatments. In Tolkien’s Middle-Earth, elves and dwarves had business of their own with little relation to the troubles of men and hobbits, but orcs were purely an enemy race ――though later in his life, Tolkien had doubts about this and speculated about whether orcs might be capable of moral choice and redemption. Deciding how narrow or broad a campaign’s focus will be can help decide how many races to create, and what kinds.

「[[種族設定>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Sets_of_Races]]」

原書表記

　Some campaigns will have only one nonhuman race: First-contact stories may have a single alien species, horror may have a single type of werewolf or zombie, and so on. But if one nonhuman race is possible, others may well be.
　If a setting is to have multiple races, it works better if they form some sort of coherent scheme. Having arbitrary races with no relation to each other doesn’t make for an easily grasped premise for the setting. Having races with overlapping abilities, appearances, and concerns means that any one race’s role is hard to define. It’s best if the different races divide up the possible roles in a systematic way.

「[[生態学的>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Ecological]]」

原書表記

　Living organisms usually have traits that fit their means of survival. This reflects their habitat, which in GURPS terms is the terrain to which they’re best adapted, as described for 〈生存〉 skill (pp. B223-224). Terrains are defined for Earthlike worlds, but planets of other types can have analogous terrains inhabited by alien races. A suite of races can be distinguished by having one inhabit plains, another woodlands, another desserts, and so on.

　The same principle can be applied to spirits associated with the natural world. The ancient Greeks, for example, distinguished dryads (spirits of trees, especially oak trees), naiads (spirits of springs and rivers), nereids (spirits of the sea), oreads (mountain spirits), and other sorts of nymphs, each with their own characteristic habitat.

　For life forms, but not often for spirits, distinctions can also be made for other biological traits. Size can differentiate otherwise similar races; for example, humanoid beings could be giants or dwarfs, or several different sizes of each with different SMs. (Don’t give such races Gigantism or Dwarfism, which are for abnormally large or small members of a race, not for races that are normally large or small.) Races could also be distinguished by primary means of movement ――such as running, climb
ing, flying, and swimming ――probably with different morphologies (pp. 9-11). Day and night races ――and perhaps crepuscular races active at dawn and dusk ――might coexist. Yet another way to split things up is by means of sustenance: herbivores, omnivores, carnivores, specialized types such as filter feeders or nectarivores, and perhaps photosynthesizers ――probably with different types of mouths and sense organs, and often with different behavior.

「[[機能的>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Functional]]」

原書表記

　「機械」 don’t usually have to provide for their own survival; they’re powered, maintained, and repaired by a technological infrastructure. They do have to be adapted to the planetary type and terrain where they’re expected to operate, however. But multiple races may exist in a single habitat that they share with their human (or nonhuman) users. What distinguishes them is the job they’re designed for. For example, both Transhuman Space and GURPS Ultra-Tech offer different types of robots engineered to play varied roles, from housework to surgery to battlefield combat. Potentially, there could be a huge number of machines in a suite, but it’s usually convenient to define broader types, such as “ground combat robot,” and assume that any machine that’s treated as a character has enough flexibility to be adapted to varied tasks.

　Similar logic can be applied to some biological organisms. Bioroids are often designed for specialized types of tasks; e.g., there might be attractive “social interface” models, or hazmat models with resistance to poisons, disease, radiation, or the like. Modified human races won’t usually be as drastically engineered, but can have physical or mental enhancements that favor specific occupations, and personality traits to go with them.

「[[テーマ的>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Thematic]]」

原書表記

　In a campaign with supernatural elements, races might reflect archetypes or other abstractions. For example, Chris tian art depicts angels with birdlike wings and beautiful 特色s, and devils (that is, fallen angels) with bat wings, horns, hooves, and barbed tails, as figures of Good and Evil. GURPS Thaumatology lists varied groups of archetypes, such as the four classical Western elements, the five Chinese elements, the seven astrological “planets” (the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn), and the signs of the zodiac. Any of these might be the basis for a suite of spirits or embodied spirits; e.g., elemental spirits of earth, water, air, and fire.

「[[特典と癖>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Perks_and_Quirks]]」

原書表記

　特典s and 癖s don’t count for much points-wise, but they can be a helpful part of racial design. Full-blown advantages and 不利な特徴s often have extreme effects on behavior, or confer abilities so potent that they’re suited only to super-races. But a few traits worth ±1 point can help make a race distinctive.

　Exotic 特典s (GURPS Power-Ups 2: 特典s, pp. 9-12) can add to a race’s capabilities and make it clear that they’re not just cosmetically modified humans. The various 「付属品」 特典s are a good fit to machine characters; many are close equivalents to other exotic 特典s that fit biological races. There aren’t nearly as many exotic 癖s (『GURPS Power-Ups 6：Quirks』, pp. 12-13), but they can help define a race more fully as well. See also Appendix A for a few new 特典s and 癖s suited to 種族テンプレートs.

　癖 also play a big part in defining racial mentalities. See 「動機と行動?」 (pp. 31-33) for suggested mental 癖s for races of various types.

「[[レンズと亜種族>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Lenses_and_Sub-Races]]」

原書表記

　Some races have sub-races with distinctive traits. Domesticated animals have breeds, which many be as different as a greyhound and a bulldog; robots and other machines have variant models, whether for special purposes, or basic and advanced; aliens may have diversified into subspecies. Such things can be represented with lenses: specialized templates that aren’t meant to be used by themselves, but to be added to other templates. The definition of lenses is a way to provide choices within a 種族テンプレート (see Character vs. Racial Templates, p. 5).

　Most lenses represent additional biological, mechanical, or supernatural traits. Players can choose lenses but don’t normally get choices within a lens. However, a race may also have varied cultures, each with its own cultural lens, and such lenses might allow some choices; see Cultural Templates (GURPS Template Toolkit 1: Characters, p. 5).

　Some biological races have sexual dimorphism extreme enough that males and females are effectively different races. In this case, each sex has its own template. This also applies to hive species with multiple castes, such as social insects with queens, drones, workers, and soldiers.

「[[能力値、副能力値、才能>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Attributes_Secondary_Characteristics_and_Talents]]」

原書表記

　Every race has attribute and secondary characteristic modifiers ――though these are noted only if nonzero. Talents are optional, but often useful. In brief:

● A race’s 体力, 敏捷力, 知力, and 生命力 modifiers are based on the difference between its average attribute score and the human average of 10. Their cost is that of buying the average attribute. For example, if a race of 20’-tall sapient allosaurs has average 体力 35, this is shown as 体力+25 (Size, -30%) [175]. “As good as the average human” is a 0 modifier and costs 0 points.

● For secondary characteristics, figure the base value from racial attributes; there’s no cost for this score. But if the secondary characteristic is higher or lower than the base value, that’s shown as a racial modifier, with a cost equal to that of taking the modifier for an individual character. For example, the sapient allosaurs above would have a racial HP value of 35; if they were exceptionally hard to kill, with average HP 40, they would have racial HP+5 (Size, -30%) [7].

● Racial Talents are bought just like individual Talents, and at the same cost.
　A race’s 体力 and HP are based on its physical size and weight, as discussed in Chapter 2. They can be as high as is needed to fit these (the largest reported whale weighed 190 tons, giving it HP 145!). Some beings are too small to have meaningful 体力 or HP scores; an animal weighing 2 ounces would have exactly HP 1, and one weighing less than 0.25 ounce would have less than HP 0.5, which would round down to 0. (Any injury automatically kills a being with 0 HP.)

　Most other attributes and secondary characteristics don’t have straightforward physical interpretations that could require extraordinarily high values. Their main functions are as target values for success rolls on 3d, and in determining skill levels that also act as target values. GURPS limits characters other than godlike beings to an attribute range of 1 to 20 (see p. B14), corresponding to attribute modifiers from -9 to +10. For races whose members might be PCs, modifiers from 0 to +6 allow competence at the tasks they apply to; races comparable to humans should have modifiers between -2 and +2, indicating a marginally lower or higher capability.

　Intelligence (知力) is something of an exception. Sapient beings have 知力 scores of 6 or higher, but lower 知力 scores are possible for non sapient animals or machines. As a guideline: 知力 1 fits reflex-guided animals, such as most invertebrates; 知力 2 fits fish and reptiles; 知力 3 fits most birds, and less intelligent mammals, such as many herbivores; 知力 4 fits more intelligent mammals, such as most carnivores; 知力 5 fits elephants, monkeys, some parrots and songbirds, and possibly octopuses; and 知力 6 may be appropriate to chimpanzees and gorillas. To cover tasks and challenges where such creatures aren’t hopelessly handicapped, give them racial 知覚力 and 意志力 bonuses that compensate for and perhaps exceed racial 知力 penalties. For example, a tiger (p. B456) would have 知力-6 but also 知覚力+8, for a net +2!
One secondary characteristic, 基本移動力, does reflect a measurable physical trait: the speed of a race’s movement (by land, water, or air). Information on this is often available for animals or vehicles. Vehicular top speeds don’t usually translate directly into 基本移動力. If the information is available, divide top speed in mph by the number of seconds of acceleration needed to reach it, to find an average mph increase per second; dividing this by 2 gives its Acceleration score, which is equivalent to its Move. (See Movement, pp. 27-28, for 高速移動.) Similar estimates may be possible for fast-moving animals, such as cheetahs and many birds; for others, assume that sprinting move is 120% of Move and paced running is half of that (see p. B354), and equate this with the recorded top speed or sustained movement speed, respectively. If this is different from 基本反応速度, as estimated (usually) from 敏捷力 and 生命力, treat the race as having a bonus or penalty to 基本移動力.

　Some races have advantages that are effectively specialized versions of attributes or secondary characteristics. Lifting 体力 suits beasts of burden, cargo vehicles, and other heavily built races; Striking 体力 is less common, but may be found in races that deliver rapid blows. 「腕の体力」 fits races that brachiate or burrow ――but for races with relatively weak arms, such as some centauroids, apply Modifying Beings With One or Two Arms (p. B53) to the Weak 限定 for 「追加の腕」 (e.g., a centaur whose two arms have half the 体力 of their equine body would convert a -25% 限定 to -5 points for two arms). Arm 敏捷力 works similarly; for modifiers to hands or equivalent parts, see Manipulation (p. 28). Acute Senses are best treated as specialized variants of 知覚力 (in effect, they have One Sense Only, -60%), affecting the efficiency with which sensory data is processed more than the physics of the sense organs (for that, see The Senses, pp. 26-27).

　Talents provide a different sort of specialization. In effect, a Talent is a midpoint between an attribute or secondary characteristic and a skill based on it; it raises multiple skills and usually costs less than increasing the underlying attribute. Races with specialized interests or functions can plausibly have a Talent; for example, artificial intelligences or scientifically advanced aliens might have racial Mathematical Ability. It’s also possible to define a racial Talent that benefits a group of skills associated with that particular race; GURPS Power Ups 3: Talents gives several examples. Racial Talents can encompass groups of skills that don’t obviously fit together, as long as that makes sense for a specific race. Any such Talents require GM approval and should usually be GM-designed, even if players are allowed to create new races (Player-Designed Races, p. 37).

「[[肉体的性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Physical_Traits]]」

原書表記

　Most 種族テンプレートs include physical traits. The exceptions are partial templates for infomorphs (p. 7) and animi (the mental part of embodied spirits, p. 8).
　What traits count as “physical”? Human thought may be a physical process within the brain, and human intelligence and various personality traits are partly hereditary; robot thought would be a physical process within a computer. But if those are “physical” it’s hard to see what would be “mental”!
　For humans, the body outside the brain is physical. So are the existence of the brain, its structural integrity, and its biochemical state ――being asleep, drugged, or comatose from brain injury is a physical condition. For robots, the same is true, but with “computer” in place of brain; in particular, the Complexity (p. 7) that lets a computer run a particular digital mind or infomorph is physical. If a sapient being can occupy a new physical body (say, via some form of 「憑依」), it acquires that body’s physical traits.

「[[生命維持>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Sustenance]]」

原書表記

　The most urgent need of most living organisms, and many machines, is oxygen (or other reactive molecules, for races from non-Earthlike planets). Without it, living organisms suffocate (pp. B436-437) and air-breathing engines lose power and stop running, as if reduced to 0 HP (p. B483). Suffocation can be delayed by 「呼吸不要」 (「酸素蓄積」) (p. B49). 「機械」 can’t normally “hold their breath,” and don’t use air in their interior as an oxygen source, but a similar ability can be bought as 「呼吸不要」 with a 「迷惑」 worth -5%: needing a second set of tanks to hold the oxygen, and needing to
races with 「燃料で動く」 typically use fuel in place of both food and water, so neither 限定 applies ――they pay the full cost for using more, less, or no fuel.

　A separate issue is the kind of food or fuel a race uses. Races with 「なんでも消化できる」 can digest any plant or animal material, or oxidize any combustible substance as fuel (Making Things Burn, p. B433). Races with no advantage or 不利な特徴 are omnivorous, or can burn a wide range of organic fuels, such as wood, peat, and coal. 「食事制限」 limits a race to a narrower range of food or fuel, or to using non-rechargeable batteries (treated as Very Common). Rechargeable batteries require spending time connected to an electric power source, which is common enough not to count as 「食事制限」; a “meal” is time spent recharging. Taking 「消費が少ない」 or 「消費が多い」 with 「L-丈夫な胃袋」 (p. 45) doesn’t change the range of food, water, or fuel a race can use, but lets it use impure or contaminated forms without problems.

　Some races get their energy from non-material sources that can’t be classed as “food” or “fuel.” The simplest way to represent this is as 「飲食不要」 with appropriate 限定s:

● Plant races can take 「条件限定」, Only with daily sunlight -10%. Treat a full day without sunlight as three missed meals. For plants, this is Food Only; they still need to take in water. Solar-powered machines take the same modifier without the Food Only 限定.

● 「電気式」ly powered machines without batteries take the 「源素」 パワー修正, worth -10% (『GURPS Powers』, p. 27). The mundane countermeasures include pulling the plug, throwing a main power switch, or shutting off a generator. As machines, they don’t suffer from starvation; rather, they immediately stop running ――but they can start again if power is restored.

● Magivores (living organisms that feed on magic) take the 「魔法」 パワー修正, worth -10% (『GURPS Powers』, p. 27). Treat a full day in a no-mana zone as three missed meals, or one in a low-mana zone as one missed meal. In very high mana, all FP spent are immediately restored.

　There are still other possible requirements for survival. A race might have 「依存」 ――for example, on an exotic atmospheric chemical, mana, or radiation (or, more mundanely, on water for a machine powered by an open-cycle steam engine, such as a locomotive). Supernatural creatures or exotic machines may have Draining; e.g., without blood, vampires weaken and die faster than humans without food. And artificial beings such as machines and synthetic life forms sometimes have Maintenance, falling apart without external upkeep. These traits might accompany the need to eat and drink, burn fuel, or photosynthesize ――but not necessarily! 「飲食不要」 often occurs alongside 「依存」 (Mana) for magical constructs such as golems and zombies, or Maintenance for machines with long-term power sources.

　Increased Life Support represents a race’s need for large or inconvenient equipment to survive in the campaign setting. Most often, this applies to alien races visiting a planetary environment (usually an Earthlike one) very different from that of their native planet, and severely hostile to them (see Habitats, pp. 15-18), or traveling in a vehicle that provides such an environment for the benefit of its other occupants. This is over and above the traits that represent the physiological or mechanical issues. A race that can sustain itself with the contents of a pocket, or with an environment suit no more awkward than winter clothing, doesn’t take Increased Life Support ――meeting its needs isn’t inconvenient enough.

コラム：「[[スケールと食品>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Scale_and_Food]]」

原書表記

　For realistically scaled races, food or fuel consumption follows the square-cube law (Realistic Scale, p. 14). For example, a half-scale organism (SM -2) requires one-fourth as much food (0.5×0.5, the square of scale); but its stomach holds one-eighth as much (0.5×0.5×0.5, the cube of scale), so it needs twice as many meals a day (six rather than three) ――the average interval between meals is one-half as long (four hours rather than eight), in proportion to scale, while the number of meals is in inverse proportion to scale.

　Increased and 「消費が少ない」 are defined in terms of the number of meals, not their size or total weight. Small races have to eat or refuel more often, so they have 「消費が多い」; a half-scale race would have 「消費が多い」 1. Allowing half-levels of 「消費が多い」 for -5 points provides a closer fit to racial scale. 「消費が少ない」 doesn’t fit as neatly; allowing one-half meal frequency for 1.5 levels, 10% for 2.5 levels, and 2.5% for 3.5 levels better represents intermediate larger sizes. For different-sized stomachs or fuel tanks, buy different levels of these traits. Being Cold Blooded reduces food (but not water) consumption separately.

　For cinematically scaled races, none of this applies; they eat three meals a day, scaled to their large or tiny stomachs, and don’t take Increased or 「消費が少ない」. Exceptions can be made for exaggerated scaling; for example, tiny fairies who eat only once a day take 「消費が少ない」 2.

「[[感覚>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#The_Senses]]」

原書表記

　A race’s senses enable it to perceive the world, making it possible to move and act in an informed way. Races that lack senses either take no actions or carry out internally determined actions that aren’t influenced by their surroundings.
Some vehicles are an exception to this: If they have 知力 0 and 「並列思考」 (Controls), they act as an operator decides, and the operator’s senses inform the decision.

　Human beings can detect light, with vision; sound, with hearing; solid objects and temperature, with touch; and chemical substances, with smell and taste. Humans and other races get these for free. The frequency ranges of sight and hearing can be shifted up or down at no cost, or expanded by buying various advantages: Hyperspectral Vision, Infravision, Subsonic Hearing, Ultrahearing, or Ultravision.

　For more exotic options, take 「探知」 (to notice a substance, signal, or condition); Scanning Sense (to emit energy and recognize objects from the reflections); 「遠隔通信」, possibly with Receive Only (to detect and understand signals, similar to hearing); or 「振動感覚」 (to “feel” objects without touching them). 「探知」 normally operates only after a second of concentration, and detects only the nearest relevant source; add Reflexive, +40% to avoid both issues, giving something more like a biological sense. Scanning Sense and some forms of 「振動感覚」 are “active,” emitting energy while in use, which others can detect.

　Sapient races need to have a primary sense. For humans ――and for many animals and aliens, and for robots and spirits that interact with humans ――this is vision. Other human senses can be enhanced by taking the Discrimina
tory versions (or 「触覚が繊細」); this enables their use to identify specific objects, track their movements, or navigate the environment. There is no equivalent advantage for vision; the vision of primates, most birds, and cephalopods is already discriminatory, for 0 points. Other organisms may use 「ソナー」 or 「振動感覚」 (「L-能動的電気受容」) (p. 44) for the same purposes. 「機械」 can have various forms of Scanning Sense, and spirits may have 「探知」 (Analyzing). In a world with psionics, aliens or mutant humans may rely on abilities of the ESP power.

　Hearing and touch are secondary senses for humans. Many species with camera eyes have vision as a secondary sense with poor resolution, such as typical “mammal vision”; see Visual Impairment (GURPS Powers: Enhanced Senses, p. 12). 「探知」 (especially with 「信号探知」), 「遠隔通信」 (often with Receive Only), and 「振動感覚」 can be secondary senses for other sorts of beings.

　Minor human senses include smell, taste, awareness of temperature, and awareness of pain. Balance can also be considered a minor sense, though 完全平衡感覚 mainly affects movement (pp. 27-28). 「探知」 (Vague) and 「遠隔通信」 (Vague, often with Receive Only) can represent minor senses of other beings.

　A variety of 不利な特徴s exist for races that lack human senses: 「視覚障害」, Deafness (or Hard of Hearing, for partial deafness), 「嗅覚・味覚消失」, and 「触覚がない」. The lack of exotic biological senses such as Infravision or Vibration Sense, or technological capabilities such as Imaging Radar, isn’t a 不利な特徴 ――humans lack those senses ――but if a race has Infravision, for example, an individual member of that race who lacks it can take No Infravision as a 不利な特徴 (see Modification, p. 37).

コラム：「[[複眼>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Compound_Eyes]]」

原書表記

　Human and other primate eyes are much better than most camera eyes, but compound eyes ――such as those of insects ――are much worse. To represent this, give the race 「視覚障害」 and 「探知」 (Light) with the Precise enhancement. Treat light as Occasional, like radio and radar. This provides the ability to sense light sources, reflective patches, or spots of specific colors, and to tell the direction to them. This ability normally works in a 360° radius; it can be narrowed using the Restricted Arc 限定, worth -30% for 240°, -60% for 120°, or -75% for 60°.

　Further modifiers can be applied to better fit the capabilities of specific organisms or machines. For example, mantis shrimp, with 12 different visual pigments, have Analyzing (+100%), adding 10 points to the cost ――comparable to taking Discriminatory Taste, and allowing recognition of very specific colors.

「[[コミュニケーション>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Communication]]」

原書表記

　Communication can be either precise, as with speech or sign language, or vague, limited to simple codes or general concepts and emotions, as with animal sounds or gestures. Sapient races need precise communication, both to interact with other sapient beings and to give structure to their own thoughts.
Nonsapient races with 知力 1-5 (most animals) are capable only of vague communication. Races with 知力 0 (most vehicles) can’t communicate at all, though they may have instruments that operators can read, or built-in telecommunications devices for operators to use.

　Communication normally requires a physical channel. For human beings, this is primarily sound. Other races may have 「発音できない?」 if they can’t make sounds at all, or 「会話できない」 if they’re limited to animal noises. Races that communicate on different frequencies may have Subsonic or Ultrasonic Speech; if they’re limited to these frequencies, either is a 0-point 特色.

　It’s possible to imagine races (typically alien) that use other channels based on the signaling mechanisms of animals, such as an octopus’s color changes or a knifefish’s electrical signals. This is defined as the advantage 「信号」 (pp. 44-45).

　Robots and other machine races can take most varieties of 「遠隔通信」 (but probably not Telesend); a very common option here is 「L-有線接続」 (p. 44). A robot or computer can have a built-in speaker for free, or a video display screen as an 「付属品」 特典. The ability to project a convincing holographic image is Illusion (Visual Only, -30%); see GURPS Powers, pp. 94-95.

　Sapient races with fine manipulators can express themselves with the Gesture skill or learn true sign languages (p. B25). Whole body movements such as the waggle dance of honeybees can convey messages in stereotyped codes; sapient races can use 知力-based Dancing similarly to Gesture, though less conveniently. (For sapient swarms ――Swarms, pp. 14-15 ――知力-based Dancing is more convenient, and is the normal skill for conveying simple concepts.) Understanding sign languages requires human-comparable vision, an equivalent Scanning Sense, or 「触覚が繊細」; simpler messages require any version of Scanning Sense, touch, or vision (including 「探知」 (Light) with Precise).
Alien races, or races of advanced humanoids, may be able to communicate psionically (see 「種族とパワー?」, p. 35). Spirits don’t usually do this; some of them can speak for themselves, and embodied characters with Channeling can lend their voices to others.

「[[移動>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Movement]]」

原書表記

　Most races have some means of moving from place to place. Members of races that might join parties of adventurers need a way to travel! Beings with 「脚がない」 (Sessile) might be 「情報屋」, but aren’t likely Allies ――much less PCs.
Races that can move may be able to do so in or on a variety of media:

　Ground movement normally takes the form of walking and running; races without special traits, and amphibious races, are capable of this.
If their speed is the same, races without legs can have 「脚がない」 (「跳ねる、転がる、這う」), for 0 points.
Races that move slowly have their 基本移動力 bought down; they might also have 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/基本移動力」) as a 特色.
「機械」 races often have the 「脚がない」 (「無限軌道、車輪」) 不利な特徴.
They may also have air cushions, like hovercraft; buy this as 「飛行」 with 「高度制限」 (usually 5 or 10 feet), but it’s effectively a form of ground movement ――though it usually works over liquids, too.
Races with 「脚がない」 (「半水棲」) have reduced ground movement; those with 「脚がない」 (「空中移動」 or 「水中移動」) have none.

　Above-ground movement can be defined as climbing, and is often accompanied by 完全平衡感覚.
This may be granted by a balancing organ such as a tail too small to count as an 「追加の腕」 or 「攻撃部位」; such an appendage is targeted at -3 and takes injury as an extremity, and crippling it negates 完全平衡感覚.
Clinging allows above-ground movement without Climbing rolls, and doesn’t benefit from 完全平衡感覚.
Buy faster movement as levels of Super Climbing.
Brachiator allows a race with at least two arms to use them to swing from overhead handholds; this is considered aerial movement, and fast brachiation is bought as 高速移動 (Air).

　Underground movement can be bought as Tunneling ――but only for super-races. Use the 「掘穴力」 特典 to represent realistic underground movement; this allows digging at a speed proportional to Basic Lift (see p. B350).
Buy a second level of 「掘穴力」 to allow breaking up hard soil or rock.

　Underwater movement is possible without special traits, but at limited speeds (p. B18), and Swimming rolls are required.
Races with 「水中適応」 or 「脚がない」 (「半水棲」 or 「水中移動」) can swim at their 基本移動力 without these restrictions.
For faster swimming, buy extra water Move (no more than two levels for races with restricted speeds) or 高速移動 (Water).
It’s common for swimmers to rely on fins, webbed feet, paddlewheels, or propellers that can’t be armored; this is a 不利な特徴 (p. B145). Propulsion by pump jets, whether in squid or watercraft, is purely internal and can be bought as 高速移動.
All these rules apply equally to living organisms with solvents other than water (see Biochemicals, pp. 19-20) swimming in bodies of those same solvents.
Submersible machines are usually designed to have the same buoyancy as their fluid medium; high-density machines (or life forms!) sink to the bottom, but they can use ground movement there.

　Surface water movement follows the same rules, but with the added 不利な特徴 of inability to dive (p. B145). It’s also possible for a race to be incapable of staying on the surface; this is the 「水に浮かない」 癖. Vehicles or other machines that depend on sails for mobility ――or life forms along the lines of a Portuguese man o’ war ――should have 「脚がない」 (「水中移動、受動的」) (p. 46) and 共通性質 (p. 45), which can’t be armored. 共通性質 as such don’t prevent a race from diving, but if it has 「脚がない」 (「水中移動、受動的」), it’s at Move 0 when submerged. Walk on Liquid is an alternative ――though only realistic for races small enough to have 体力 0.

　Air movement normally means 「飛行」, fairly often alongside 高速移動. Highly maneuverable races are likely to improve air Move (p. B18); races that travel at high speeds on mostly straight courses should take 高速移動. Both living organisms and machines generally have 「飛行」 with 「翼による飛行」 (a helicopter’s rotors, for example, count as wings) and may also have 「浮遊できない」. Less fully aerial races might have the 「滑空」 or 「制御された滑空」 modifier, often with enhanced jumping ability (see below) to assist takeoff. 「機械」 or science-fictional races occasionally have 「飛行」 with 「大気より軽い」. If a 「非自律式」 lighter-than-air vehicle lacks a propulsion system, buy its air Move down to 0 and give it 禁止性質 (「能力値固定/空中移動力」).

　Space movement is 「飛行」 with 「宇宙飛行」 or 「推進式宇宙飛行」 ――the latter, in most realistic campaigns. Races native to space often have 「宇宙飛行」 Only as well. 「推進式宇宙飛行」 suits races that rely on reaction mass; after their reaction mass is exhausted, they’ll have to take on additional mass, perhaps from a gas cloud or a planet with micro gravity. 「宇宙飛行」 suits races with light sails; these add 「条件限定」, Only in sunlight, -10% (sunlight is nearly omni present in space, at least in the inner solar system).

　All of the preceding forms of movement are continuous, but many races are capable of discontinuous movement, or jumping. Basic jumping is possible for races without special traits; an average human can high jump 20 inches or broad jump 7 feet, or twice as far with a running start. Buy increased jumping capability as Super Jump; this usually represents propulsion by leg muscles, but Super Jump with Limited Use can represent built-in rocket thrust. Heavily built life forms or robots may be unable to jump; see Cannot Jump (p. 46).

　Swimmers can’t perform a standing jump out of water, but a fast swimmer can jump with a moving start, based on the number of yards it swims. This could also apply to a wheeled race that ascends a ramp. Fliers don’t usually need
to jump, but gliders can get into the air with a jumping start, taking off from either the ground or the water (like flying fish or some squid).

　The ultimate in discontinuous movement is 「ワープ移動」, which is likely only for fantastic races.

「[[操作>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Manipulation]]」

原書表記

　Manipulators can take a variety of forms. In living organisms, they’ve evolved from such varied body parts as limbs, tails, and noses. Aliens or psionically gifted humans may manipulate things using psychokinesis or other powers (Races and Powers, p. 35).
「機械」 (and prosthetic devices) so far have largely been restricted to simple grippers, hooks, or specialized tools ――but the emergence of microprocessors has enabled much more sophisticated devices, and fictional robots may have human-like hands or radically different and highly capable equipment.

　Whatever its origins, in GURPS, a limb that supports manipulatory structures is an “arm.”
The standard racial design includes two of these.
A race with more can take 「追加の腕」 (p. B53), which can have modifiers for being longer, shorter, more flexible, or weaker than the body; if they’re stronger, take 「腕の体力」 (p. B40).
The standard two arms can be modified, too, using Modifying Beings With One or Two Arms (p. B53). This can make 種族テンプレートs look complicated; e.g., a being with three long arms would have Extra Arms 1 (Long, +1 SM, +100%) [20] and Long Arms 2 (+1 SM) [20], but all three arms would be identical! A race with one arm takes 「片腕」 (p. B147) and pays for the cost of any modifications to that arm. A race with no arms takes No Fine Manipulators (p. B145) ――or 「手足がない」, if it has no limbs at all.

　Some races have dual-purpose limbs that act as both arms and legs. For apelike creatures with prehensile toes on their feet, this is 「追加の腕」 modified with 一時的不利な特徴, Legless, -30%; see 「脚の先についている」 (p. B53). Birds such as parrots with wings and clawed feet can be treated as having two modified arms bought as 「脚の先についている」. Bat-like creatures with claws on their wings buy the 「飛行」 advantage with 一時的不利な特徴, 「手がない」, -30%, and pay for the claws as two modified arms; see Vespertilian (p. 10).

　Some arms didn’t start out as limbs, such as an elephant’s trunk or a monkey’s prehensile tail. These are normally taken as 「柔軟に動く」. The same applies to the arms of invertebrates such as octopuses.

　A separate set of traits applies to the capabilities of the manipulators. If a race has nothing better than a mammal’s paws or an insect’s unbranched legs, treat this as No Fine Manipulators. If its manipulators are clumsy, take Ham Fisted: one level for a gorilla’s hands, two for a crab’s claws. Superior manipulators have High Manual Dexterity. A race such as Moravec’s proposed “bush robots” ――with fingers branching into second-order fingers that then branch into third-order fingers and so on ――would have 「付属品」 (Micromanipulators) and should also have 「触覚が繊細」. A race can also have one or more levels of 「握力が弱い」 or 「握力が強い」 (p. 44). Don’t give 「握力が弱い」 to a race that climbs habitually; the skill penalties are prohibitive!

　There are two situations where a race without limbs shouldn’t be treated as having 「手足がない」. If a race has a mouth, as most biological races do, and its parts offer more extensibility, flexibility, and opposability than do human mouthparts (e.g., a parrot’s beak and tongue), this can be pressed into service as an arm, usually Short and with No Physical Attack; if the creature has no other manipulators, treat this as 「片腕」. Mouths should usually have one level of 「握力が強い」 (with teeth or a beak), unless they have Weak Bite. A limbless race with Constriction Attack can use its entire body to grasp things; if it does, treat its body as a “limb” (giving it 「手がない」 rather than 「手足がない」).

　Mechanical races may be able to pick up ferrous objects magnetically, and the same may apply to some exotic alien races. Treat this as Telekinesis (Magnetic, -50%).

「[[攻撃>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Attack]]」

原書表記

　The ability to attack is inherent in the possession of arms (punching), legs (kicking), or teeth (biting). These body parts can also grapple. And the whole body can be used as a weapon in a slam.

　To enhance these “free” attacks, add 「爪」 or 「歯」. A race with DR 3+ without Flexible, Force Field, or 「丈夫な皮膚」 (see Defense, below) can get +1 to crushing damage from the 「打撃用装甲」 特典.

　Larger bonuses require a 「攻撃部位」, which can represent horns, tusks, or the like. Wings that can inflict damage must be paid for as 「攻撃部位」s (often Long) in addition to 「飛行」 (「翼による飛行」); they can be attacked (pp. B552-553), or damaged by a parry. A heavy tail, or one with spikes or a sting, can also be attacked and damaged (p. B553); to represent this, add both a suitable 「攻撃部位」 (possibly with Clumsy, Limited Arc, or Long) and the 「尾」 特色 (p. 12). For a smaller, lighter tail, take 「攻撃部位」 with Weak, and treat it as an extremity rather than a limb.

　For enhanced grappling ability, buy Constriction Attack. And to discourage enemy grapples and enhance slams, get Spines.

　At the GM’s option, races that lack some free attacks possessed by humans may substitute others. For example, an animal whose mouth lacks a biting surface (such as teeth or a beak) might instead have the ability to secrete digestive juices on its food, like a starfish, causing 1d-3 corrosion damage. An electrically powered machine might be able to inflict nonlethal electric shocks; a nuclear-powered one might emit low level radiation (perhaps 1 rad/hour).

　Buy any higher-powered attack as usual: as 「特殊効果」, 「拘束」, or 「特殊攻撃」. Living organisms may use venom or electric shocks. 「機械」 might have built-in firearms, liquid projectors, or ――at higher TLs ――energy weapons. For many worked examples, see 『GURPS Powers』, pp. 136-145.

「[[防御>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Defense]]」

原書表記

　A race’s defense against direct physical attacks is often based on its structural support ――that is, its skeleton. Possibilities here include:

　Complete External Skeleton: The entire body is covered with a rigid material that encloses its muscles and organs, or its working mechanisms. To allow motion, it has built-in joints. Treat this as 「防護点」: bone, chitin, or bark with DR 2-6 for living organisms, or structural materials that may be much stronger for machines. This works like the skull of a human being, whose DR 2 must be overcome before the brain can be damaged. If the race has a head, and its entire body has the same DR as its skull hit location, then reduce DR there to 0 as DR -2 (「部分的/頭蓋骨」-70%; 「丈夫な皮膚」, -40%) [-2] ――abbreviated “No Skull DR” ――before buying whole-body DR. Armor like this usually has ports for sensors, electrical connections, and/or ingestion, respiration, and excretion; if not, add 「気密」.
Such beings are usually 「爬行姿勢」, but can’t be 「無脊椎」 in the GURPS meaning of the word.

　Partial External Skeleton: Part of the body is covered with rigid material that protects its vital organs, like a mollusk’s shell. This is 「防護点」 (「部分的/重要器官」, -30%). Such a race is 「無脊椎」, but can’t squeeze through small openings, adding a 「迷惑」 that increases 不利な特徴 value by +5%, to -21 points.

　Internal Skeleton: The body has a rigid internal skeleton, like a vertebrate, or a load-bearing frame, like a ship. This is the standard option in GURPS. If there’s a head, it has a skull with DR 2; the rest of the body gains no DR from its skeleton, but can add external armor. In organisms this is usually DR 1-4 (「丈夫な皮膚」, -40%); shells can have DR 2-5, typically with 「部分的/胴体」 only. In machines it may be Flexible or Partial (for important hit locations), or the machine may have jointed external armor that isn’t load-bearing; much higher DR values are possible. Such a race cannot be 「無脊椎」.

　No Skeleton: The body is made up of flexible, possibly elastic tissues, gaining rigidity from internal hydrostatic pressure. Any DR has 「丈夫な皮膚」 (in living organisms) or Flexible (in machines), and there should be no separate skull armor; take No Skull DR [-2]. Such races are normally 「無脊椎」.

　Other races have bodies without separate structural elements; the entire body acts both as a skeleton and as armor. Represent this using one of the elemental 共通性質s under 「源素」s (pp. 20-21). Such races often have 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」); this is also appropriate for undead beings that have no functional internal organs (like a vampire’s digestive system), but are simply masses of dead tissue. Beings made of liquids, gases, or particulates may instead have 「負傷耐性」 (「集合体」), taking only minimal damage from physical attacks. Entities with Insubstantiality, such as unmaterialized spirits, take no damage at all from normal physical attacks, but are harmed by attacks with Affects Insubstantial; they can usually harm each other, too, and it’s perfectly possible for a spirit to have insubstantial armor.

　「機械」 with complex structures have 「負傷耐性」 (「無生物」) rather than 「負傷耐性」 (「均一」). Those with power plants or batteries treat them as vital organs and won’t have 「重要器官がない」.
The bleeding rules can be used to represent leaks (letting in water or letting out air or gas), and machines that can leak shouldn’t have 血液がない. For the equivalent of No Eyes, see No Windows (p. 43). 「機械」, especially vehicles, may have 「付属品/錠前」 (p. 45).

　The other major class of harmful agents is those resisted by an attribute, normally 生命力. Defenses against these usually involve making a race 「耐性」, which gives bonuses to 生命力 for such rolls. Most forms of 「耐性」 protect against categories of things that affect living organisms, all the way up to the broad category of metabolic hazards (all diseases and poisons, plus altitude sickness, the bends, seasickness, and other physiological conditions). Total Immunity, other than the narrowest sort such as to specific poisons or diseases, is rare; it usually reflects being a different basic type of entity, such as a machine or spirit with 「無効化/代謝性の危険」.


　「機械」 and spirits, in turn, often have the ability to be affected by an unfavorable condition as a 不利な特徴; e.g., machines may have 「電気式」, making them vulnerable to power drainage and surges, while computers, infomorphs, or spirits with “true names” may be 「プログラム書き換え可能」. The absence of such a trait could be considered an Immunity; rather than removing it entirely, a race or character might still have it, but be 「耐性」 to its ill effects ――for an example, see 「耐性」 (p. 44) for a discussion of being hardened against power surges. In many cases, if being subject to a hazard has a negative point value, it’s fair to “flip the sign” and use that as the cost of Immunity to that hazard.

　A more specialized trait of the same kind is Protected Sense, which can keep a ranged sense from being overwhelmed by intense stimuli. Versions of this trait can be applied to machines, organisms with exotic senses, and more unusual beings. It’s relatively rare in living creatures (though 「眼球防護膜」, armoring the eyes, is common enough), but may be found in combat-hardened machines and some supernatural beings.

　Both 「耐性」/Immunity and Protected Sense may occur in races that have to live in harsh, unpredictable environments. Such races may also have Radiation Tolerance (see Radiation, p. 17, for more on this).

　Another important category of defensive traits is the ability to heal from damage. This applies to living organisms and to most spirits and their material forms; machines must be repaired, and the undead tend to have limited or no healing abilities (any of which is Unhealing). Regrowth ――the capacity to grow back lost body parts ――is the most biologically realistic healing trait. A race with Rapid Healing or a modest level of 「HP再生」 might be justifiable; reserve high levels of 「HP再生」 for supernatural beings and super-races.

　Avoiding getting hurt in the first place can be an even better option! This is the main benefit of 「戦闘即応」, which suits many wild animals (predators and elusive prey alike) and races of warriors, and of 「超時感覚」, available to computer-based races. 高速移動 is another good option for races with natural enemies.

「[[外見>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Outward_Form]]」

原書表記

　A race’s physical qualities include such things as its appearance and voice, which can give it reaction modifiers. 「容貌」 is a matter of shape and surface texture, and can be perceived by vision, Scanning Sense, or touch; it ranges from 「見るもおぞましい」 to Transcendent. Voice can be perceived by hearing, and its extremes are 「耳障りな声」 and Voice; Stuttering is equivalent to 「耳障りな声」, but applies only to beings that can use a language. Races that communicate non-acous tically might have analogous advantages and 不利な特徴s, at the same point values, affecting those with the relevant senses (see 「信号」, pp. 44-45). Only a 不利な特徴, 「悪臭」, is available for what a race smells like.

　Normally, these traits affect one’s own race and closely similar races. Their main effect is to produce more or less favorable reactions. For example, typical humans have Average appearance, and their usual reactions to each other are “Poor” on a 9 or “Neutral” on a 10-12. If elves have 「魅力的」 appearance, giving +1 to reactions, their usual reactions to each other will be “Neutral” on a 10-12 or “Good” on a 13, making them naturally more cooperative; if orcs have Unattractive appearance, it will have the reverse effect. Don’t include these traits in a 種族テンプレート unless you want such behavioral effects. Even then, be careful about the size of the total modifier ――anything beyond ±2 will have extreme effects.

　The voice traits and 「悪臭」 affect other races with the relevant senses; so does appearance with the Universal modifier. Such effects don’t matter to social behavior within a race, but may affect a race’s reputation within a larger community of many races. An option for appearance is to limit its effects, not to members of the same race, but to members of the most common or most powerful race in the setting; this is particularly suitable for 「見るもおぞましい」, 「怪物的」, or Hideous appearance, for monstrous beings, or for Transcendent appearance, for godlike ones, but can also apply to any appearance level with Impressive. Manufactured beings, such as robots or bioroids, could also have appearance levels aimed at the race of their makers; they might have the Off-the-Shelf Looks 限定, as might a race with little genetic diversity.

「[[精神的性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Mental_Traits]]」

原書表記

　Partial templates for cybershells (see Robots and Automata, p. 7) and vessels (see Embodied Spirits, p. 8) omit mental traits. Vehicles with 知力 0 (p. 7) usually have 「無感覚」 and 「非自律式」; mental traits don’t apply to them and aren’t specified.

「[[意識>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Consciousness]]」

原書表記

　Sleep-related traits are defined as physical, and sleep has a physical effect: restoration of lost FP (pp. B426-427). On the other hand, sleep amounts to loss of consciousness, and consciousness is a prerequisite for the exercise of nearly all mental traits. (A vehicle, without mental traits, doesn’t sleep ――but its operator probably does, so it doesn’t have to pay points for 「睡眠不要」.) Thus, it makes sense to start the discussion of mental traits with sleep and consciousness.

　The human baseline is eight hours of sleep per day. This can be increased (「睡眠過剰」) or decreased (「睡眠時間が短い」). For human beings, no more than ±4 hours are allowed, but non-human races can have different limits, or be conscious all the time (「睡眠不要」). A race that never woke up wouldn’t be suitable for character design, so a limit of 15 hours of 「睡眠過剰」, or one waking hour per day, seems reasonable. 「睡眠時間が長い」 (p. B154) is equivalent to 「睡眠過剰」 in cost, and its comments on schedule apply here as well.

　Some races can enter other altered states of consciousness. The 「トランス」 特典 may be found in biological races that have close relations with spirits. A race that’s naturally capable of lucid dreaming could have Dreaming as a racially learned skill (p. 33). 「並列思考」 represents a race’s ability to carry on distinct mental tracks in parallel; this is most likely to be useful in races with psionic or magical abilities that let a secondary consciousness act independent of the body, or to computers or infomorphs that can be active in cyberspace.

　Consciousness is tied up with the perception of time. Most races experience the passage of time approximately as humans do. However, some races have 「超時感覚」, letting them effectively step outside the flow of time, think about their actions at leisure, and then step back in; this is common in infomorphs and may also occur in AIs, intangible spirits, or superhumanly gifted biological races. Similar but lesser benefits can be gained from 「加速」.

　A more fundamental choice in racial design is whether to have 「デジタル精神」 This is characteristic of infomorphs with 「複雑さ制限された知力」 (p. 12), but can also appear in machines in general, and perhaps even in unusual organisms. It’s a net advantage because it makes the race invulnerable to psionic or super powers that affect the mind, to magical powers or spells with similar effects, and to most biologically based mind-affecting abilities. However, it includes susceptibility to 〈コンピュータ・ハッキング〉 and〈コンピュータ・プログラミング〉, to cybernetically based abilities with the Digital modifier, and to cyber psi abilities, none of which can affect analog minds, whether in organic beings, spirits, or even unusual machines. 「デジタル精神」 can also justify such traits as 「並列思考」, 「超時感覚」, 「暗算能力」, Modular 能力値, and Photographic Memory ――and 「プログラム書き換え可能」.

「[[認知>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Cognition]]」

原書表記

　Cognition is awareness of the world, of oneself, and of abstract ideas. It provides the basis for making decisions and taking actions. In GURPS, cognitive abilities are mainly represented by 知力 (Attributes, Secondary Characteristics, and Talents, p. 24). Some specialized aspects of cognition are covered by other traits, however.

　Improvements in memory can take the form of 「記憶力」 or 「写真記憶」. Realistically, most living organisms should be limited to 「記憶力」. Infomorphs and the majority of robots have the AI 共通性質 (p. 9), which includes 「写真記憶」. Discriminatory Senses (including 「触覚が繊細」) are equivalent to 「記憶力」 for their sensory modalities; adding the Profiling enhancement makes them equivalent to 「写真記憶」 in this realm.

　Impaired thinking can take the form of Dyslexia, Innumerate, or Non-Iconographic, for inability to use written language, arithmetic, or abstract images, respectively; Innumerate in this case isn’t simple lack of knowledge, but inability to acquire that knowledge. Quirk-level versions are Mild Dyslexia, Math-Shy, and Symbol-Shy. Represent enhanced abilities with 「言語の才能」 for words, or 「暗算能力」 or Intuitive 「演算能力」 (included in the AI meta trait) for numbers. None of these traits apply to races with racial 知力 5 or less.

　Remarkable creativity takes the form of Versatile ――and its lack takes the form of 「創造力がない」. 「創造力がない」 is included in the Automaton 共通性質 (p. 9), found in some infomorphs, robots, golems, and undead. For more on these traits, see Motivation and Behavior (below).

「[[動機と行動>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Motivation_and_Behavior]]」

『GURPS Space?』のpp.169-170ではエイリアンの“集団的個性”をランダムに決める際、下記9種の精神的性質に対してそれぞれ「1d-1d」して値を求め（通常は-5〜+5の範囲）、その値に対応する性質を与えていた。

原書表記

　Different races can have a variety of traits (often 不利な特徴s of 癖s) that shape their thinking and behavior. Bear in mind that GURPS 不利な特徴s, particularly those with self-control numbers, produce exaggerated behavior patterns; players may be reluctant to roleplay beings from such races, especially those with multiple 不利な特徴s, or a self-control number of (9) or (6). More nuanced behavior ――only modestly unusual in human terms ――can be represented by 癖s.

　A detailed system for profiling racial “personality” appears on pp. 169-170 of GURPS Space. It’s presented there as the last step in random racial creation, but with the suggestion that GMs can also start with desired personality traits and work backward to find compatible biological traits. The version presented here supports that approach; in particular, it omits Space’s detailed rules for assigning trait values in favor of general guidelines. See 「行動と精神性」 (pp. 40-41) for suggestions on how racial traits play into social patterns.

　A race with the Automaton 共通性質 (p. 9) ――such as some robots, infomorphs, bioroids, and undead ――has Curiosity -3, Empathy -3, Imagination -2, and Playfulness -2. Its other traits will usually be at 0, though it may have enhanced Concentration, especially if it also is 「プログラム書き換え可能」.

「[[排外性>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Chauvinism]]」

原書表記

　Awareness and protection of the boundaries of social groups, from clans or tribes up to entire races. High in races that depend on geographically localized resources or that form hives, and in spirits of place. Low in races that trade extensively.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「やや排他的」 (becomes racial Intolerance if Empathy is less than +1 or Suspicion greater than -1; becomes Xenophobia (12) if Suspicion is greater than +1)
+2	「やや排他的」 (becomes racial Intolerance if Empathy is less than +1 or Suspicion greater than -1)
+1	「やや排他的」 (becomes racial Intolerance if Empathy is less than 0 or Suspicion greater than 0)
0	Normal
-1	「心が広い」
-2	「心が広い」 (becomes 「異種族愛好」(15) if Suspicion is less than 0 and Empathy is greater than 0)
-3 or less	Delusion (癖-level ――“All sapient races are alike”) (becomes 「異種族愛好」(12) if Suspicion is less than 0 or Empathy is greater than 0; 「異種族愛好」(9) if both are true)

「[[集中力>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Concentration]]」

原書表記

Concentration
　Ability and inclination to focus on long-term tasks. High in races that depend on resources that take a long time to find or harvest, and in elemental spirits of solid materials. Low in races that react opportunistically to sporadically available resources, and in elemental spirits of air and fire.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「一意専心」, and either High Pain Threshold or one 5-point Talent
+2	「一意専心」
+1	Attentive or Patience of Job
0	Normal
-1	「注意散漫」
-2	「移り気」 (12)
-3 or less	「移り気」 (9)

「[[好奇心>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Curiosity]]」

原書表記

　Level of attention paid to new things, and interest in finding them. High in omnivorous biological species, and in info morphs. Low in herbivorous biological species; in spirits and the undead; and in races with no primary sense.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「好奇心」 (9) (becomes 「好奇心」 (6) if Concentration or Suspicion is 0 or less)
+2	「好奇心」 (12) (becomes 「好奇心」 (9) if Concentration is 0 or less)
+1	Nosy (becomes 「好奇心」 (12) if Concentration is 0 or less)
0	Normal
-1	「知らぬふり」
-2	「無関心」 (12) (becomes 「無関心」 (9) if Suspicion is less than 0)
-3 or less	「無関心」 (9)

「[[利己心>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Egoism]]」

原書表記

　Focus on personal gain or honor, and resistance to subordination. High in biological races that rarely form groups, in males in harem species, and in free-willed undead; low in races that form hives, and in free-willed robots and bioroids.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「尊大」 (9)
+2	「尊大」 (12) (becomes 「尊大」 (9) if Empathy is less than 0 or Suspicion is greater than 0)
+1	「誇り高い」 (becomes 「尊大」 (12) if Suspicion is greater than 0; becomes 「尊大」 (9) if Empathy is -2 or less or if Suspicion is +2 or greater)
0	Normal
-1	「腰が低い」
-2	「私心がない」 (12) (becomes 「私心がない」 (9) if Chauvinism is +2 or greater)
-3 or less	「私心がない」 (6)

「[[共感力>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Empathy]]」

原書表記

　Awareness of the feelings of others; avoidance of giving offense. High in races that form small groups, and in carnivores that pursue intelligent prey; low in races that rarely form groups, and in free-willed robots and infomorphs.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「共感」 (add Charitable (12) if Gregariousness is greater than 0)
+2	「感受性」
+1	「思いやり豊か」 (becomes 「感受性」 if Gregariousness is greater than 0 and Suspicion is less than 0)
0	Normal
-1	「鈍感」
-2	「冷淡」
-3 or less	「感情を理解できない」 (add Bloodlust (12) for carnivores)

「[[群居性>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Gregariousness]]」

原書表記

　Sociability, need for the company of others. High in biological races that form herds or (especially) have hive societies; low in races that rarely form groups, particularly solitary hunters, and in the undead.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「社交的」
+2	「人なつっこい」
+1	「つきあいがよい」
0	Normal
-1	「孤独好き」
-2	「人嫌い」 (12)
-3 or less	「人嫌い」 (9)

「[[想像力>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Imagination]]」

原書表記

　Ability to see patterns, invent new behavior, and come up with new ideas. High in biological races with flexible feeding strategies, and in infomorphs; low in races with stereotyped feeding strategies.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「発想マニア」 (becomes Versatile if Concentration is 0 or greater and Egoism is less than +2; if Empathy is less than +1, add 「嫌な行動」 (Nonstop idea factory) [-5])

|+2 |「発想マニア」 (becomes Versatile if Concentration is 0 or greater and Egoism is less than +2; if Concentration
is less than +1 or if Egoism is greater than 0, add Dreamer) |

+1	「発想マニア」 (becomes Versatile if Concentration is 0 or greater and Egoism is less than +2)
0	Normal
-1	Dull
-2	「創造力がない」
-3 or less	「創造力がない」 and reduce racial 知力 by 1

「[[遊び心>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Playfulness]]」

原書表記

　Willingness to engage in non-utilitarian behavior; playful animals are easier to train, and playful sapients have a sense of humor. High in biological races with long maturation (such as human beings) and in animals with species 知力 5; low in animals with species 知力 1 or 2 and in races that rarely form groups; very low if race has Cannot Learn.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「強迫行為」 Playfulness (12) [-5*] (becomes 「トリックスター」 (15) if race has 「自信過剰」)
+2	Playful
+1	Normal†
0	Serious
-1	「嫌な行動」 (Wet blanket) [-5]
-2	「ユーモア感覚の欠如」
-3 or less	Intolerance (Any form of jokes or play)

† Humans are not the norm for this trait!

「[[警戒心>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Suspicion]]」

原書表記

　Distrust and fearfulness toward new things or surprises. High in herbivores, in small races, and in races with no primary sense or a handicapped primary sense; low in carnivores, and in large races.

Score	Traits
+3 or more	「恐がり」 2 (add Cowardice for herbivorous races, or Paranoia for carnivorous races)
+2	「恐がり」 1 (becomes 「用心深い」 if Curiosity is -3 or less)
+1	「用心深い」 (ignore if Curiosity is -2 or less)
0	Normal
-1	「恐怖を感じない」 1
-2	「恐怖を感じない」 2 (add 「自信過剰」 (12) if Egoism is +2 or greater)
-3 or less	「恐怖を感じない」 3 (becomes Unfazeable if Chauvinism is -3 or less; add 「自信過剰」 (12) if Egoism is +1 or greater)

「[[技能>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Skills]]」

原書表記

　Skills must ordinarily be learned, and thus differ from one member of a race to another. This makes them suitable to include in character templates but not in 種族テンプレートs. Yet there are exceptions to this rule.

「[[種族技能>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Racial_Skills]]」

原書表記

　In some cases, every member of a race learns a skill, in the way that every human being learns to speak a language. “Every” can’t be taken literally ――some members may develop a different skill, as deaf humans often learn to sign a language, and some may not have it at all. See Modification (p. 37) for more about such cases. A skill may also be part of a race’s self-image, or other races’ image of it (see Archetypal Skills, p. 35).

　In other cases, a race might not need to learn a skill ――it could be inherent in their nature. Biological races may have instincts; artificial intelligences may have programs; spirits may be spirits of something that implies a particular skill.

　The price of a racial skill is the same as if an individual character were learning it (Skill Cost Table, p. B170). For example, a tiger with 敏捷力+3 and racial-average 敏捷力 13 has 〈忍び〉-13. This would be written under Racially Learned Skills (Presentation, p. 42) as 〈忍び〉 (A) 敏捷力 [2]-13.

　Instincts, hardwired programs, and other inherent skills often cannot be modified by learning. This is 禁止性質 「技能値固定」(p. 12). With the GM’s permission, a 種族テンプレート can be modified (p. 37) by removing an inherent skill; with further permission, a member of the race might also lack the 禁止性質 and be able to learn the skill. If so, the skill has no default and must be learned initially from a teacher or trainer.

　A computer-based race is likely to have Modular 能力値 (Computer Brain) ――or in classic cyberpunk settings, Modular 能力値 (Chip Slots). Treat skills gained in this way as inherent skills with 禁止性質 「技能値固定」. The same applies to other types of races with other forms of Modular 能力値.

「[[技能ボーナスとペナルティ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Skill_Bonuses_and_Penalties]]」

原書表記

　A race may be exceptionally good or bad at a particular skill. If it’s exceptionally good, it gets a skill bonus that costs 2 points/level, to a maximum of three levels (+3); this is allowed only in a 種族テンプレート. If it’s exceptionally bad, give it an Incompetence 癖 as a racial trait.

　A racial knack for a group of related skills is a Talent (Attributes, Secondary Characteristics, and Talents, p. 24). A race can also be incompetent at a group of related skills; treat this as a negative level of a Talent, with a negative point cost. No race can have more than one “group incompetence.” Talents can have up to four levels, positive or negative.

　In creating a character of a race with skill bonuses or penalties, start out from the relevant attribute; determine the level of the skill relative to that attribute, based on the points spent on the skill; and then apply any racial bonus or penalty.

「[[魔法>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Magic]]」

原書表記

　In a fantasy campaign, a race can have the ability to work magic, often defined as 「魔法の素質」 0, or a talent for using magic, as levels of 「魔法の素質」. Taking levels of 「魔法の素質」 with 限定s can help give a race a distinctive “feel.” Magic is usually available only to living organisms or spirits, but machines or info morphs might be capable of it with a magical coprocessor or magical symbols, perhaps requiring an 「特殊な背景」. Or a standard computer might be possessed by a spirit with magical abilities.

　In settings where standard spell-based magic (pp. B234- 253) is available, a spell may be racially learned or inherent, just like a racial skill. Racially learned spells are treated like any other skill; in particular, they can be studied or trained to a higher level. Inherent racial magic can’t be; it takes the form of fixed spells. Determine the cost of a fixed spell as follows:

● Take 「魔法の素質」 0 for 5 points.

● Take the highest level of 「魔法の素質」 required for the spell or any of its prerequisites, with the modifier One Spell Only (-80%), for 2 points/level.

● Take the spell at a level relative to 知力 + 「魔法の素質」, at the usual point cost.

● Add 1 point for each prerequisite spell.

　For fixed spells, the maximum level of 「魔法の素質」 can be as high as the GM wants. A nonsapient animal ――or even a plant with 知力 0 ――could have enough 「魔法の素質」 to cast one innate spell at a reasonable level!

　In other settings, magic is better treated as a set of abilities built from advantages. This approach lends itself well to inherent racial magic. Take whatever advantage is appropriate to represent a racial ability, and give it the パワー修正 「魔法」 (-10%), along with any other modifiers that fit. The result is an ability that’s affected by the local mana level and can be countered or dispelled by magic. A race may have an inherent Talent for such an ability; characters of some sapient races can buy levels of Talent as a learned trait ――sometimes even if they have the inherent Talent.

　GURPS Thaumatology provides many other options for magic. Some forms of magic can be turned into racial traits along the same lines as spell-based magic.

「[[社会的性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Social_Traits]]」

原書表記

　Social traits emerge from a being’s interaction with others, and depend on how those interactions go. Different members of a race can have different experiences that give them differ ent identities. Because of this, most social traits are traits of individuals, not of races. This is especially true when members of a race interact mainly with each other ――they won’t see a trait as distinctive if they all have it! Some races and some traits are exceptions, however.

「[[参考文化>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#The_Reference_Culture]]」

原書表記

　Some character traits reflect, not a person’s inherent qualities, but how they stand in a particular society. For example, an American in 1900 with technological skills at TL6 has nei ther 「TLが高い」 nor 「TLが低い」. But in the TL1 world of Greek legend, a character with exactly the same skills would possess 「TLが高い」 5. Traits such as 「TLが高い」 and 「TLが低い」 define how an adventurer’s access to skills and equipment compares to what’s normal in the scene of their adventures.

It would be awkward if a Maori warrior had 「TLが低い」 5 relative to the English colonists while his friend the Scots explorer had 「TLが高い」 5 relative to the local Maori village! And it would be inconvenient if they both had to change traits when they traveled from New Zealand to the British Isles. Rather, the GM of a GURPS campaign needs to define a “reference society.” This is usually the society where most of the action is expected to take place. If a 種族テンプレート includes social traits, these should be defined in relation to the reference society.

「[[文化・言語・技能>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Cultures_Languages_and_Skills]]」

原書表記

　Social traits include things learned as a result of being created or educated in a particular culture. In some cases, a racial template can include these.

「[[文化的なレンズ>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Cultural_Lenses]]」

原書表記

Cultural Lenses

　Races are often divided into multiple cultures. It’s possible to represent a culture as a character template, as discussed in GURPS Template Toolkit 1: Characters. When used together with 種族テンプレートs, these function as lenses: additional packages of traits that make a 種族テンプレート more specific. If a culture’s traits are distinctive and uniform, it can make sense to treat them as rules rather than guidelines or suggestions ――to treat the culture as a sub-race.

　Several types of traits can be used to define a cultural lens:

● Assets. A race may have access to unusual material assets, such as 「TLが高い」 or above-average Wealth ――or suffer from 「TLが低い」 or below-average Wealth.

● Beliefs and prejudices. These are usually self-imposed mental 不利な特徴s or Odious Personal Habits, but other mental traits are possible; e.g., a culture might share a Delusion or a Phobia.

● Genetic traits of a bloodline or closed breeding group such as a caste. These are typically attribute modifiers or physical advantages and 不利な特徴s, but there are more exotic options, such as ――in a fantasy setting ――「カリスマ」 (in a royal lineage) or 「魔法の素質」 0 (in a sorcerer caste).

● Physical modifications to a race’s body type, such as minor surgery or body art to create distinctive 特色s, or refitting a machine for a new function.

● Teachings that define a culture. 「文化適応」 and Languages are basic (and one of each is free!), but all members of a culture may have learnable advantage such as 「記憶力」, or skills such as Spacer, 〈生存〉, or a weapon skill.

「[[典型的な技能>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Archetypal_Skills]]」

原書表記

Archetypal Skills

　In some settings, races may be identified with archetypes, as discussed in 「種族設定?」 (pp. 22-23). Such an archetype can include particular skills: Perhaps all dwarves are skilled with axes, or all Belters know how to navigate in space. Such archetypal skills often build on racial advantages, such as 「腕の体力」 or 3D Spatial Sense. In an epic or cinematic campaign, a race may have esoteric skills ――for example, all elves might have Light Walk. All of these can be defined as racially learned skills (p. 33). The ability to learn a skill that’s normally off limits, such as Light Walk, can be treated as a racial 特色.

　Archetypal skills aren’t distinctive to a particular cultural group. Rather, every member of a race has them. Where including cultural lenses provides a way to distinguish members of a race from each other, archetypal skills provide a way to make each race’s members play one main role in their world. To identify such skills for a race, look for things its members are always shown as doing in stories, or ――for a newly created race ――things it will be depicted as doing.

「[[種族の反応修正>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#_]]」

原書表記

Reaction Modifiers The most truly social aspect of a race is the way members of other races regard it. Ideally, each individual would be judged for their own unique qualities, but it saves time and mental effort to form expectations about a race’s typical behavior, and to react to its members accordingly. In relatively benign cases, these expectations and reactions will reflect the race’s actual traits; often, they’ll exaggerate those traits (e.g., 「注意散漫」 may be thought of as 「移り気」); and some societies will attribute entirely imaginary qualities to the race. Unusually objective (「心が広い」) people, or those who know an individual well, can compensate for such perceptions, and an individual’s Reputation can work against and even overcome the preconceptions; racially Intolerant individuals will cling to their prejudices despite all evidence to the contrary.

　If the reference society in general views a race in a particular way, its template can include Social Regard (if it invites favorable reactions) or 「社会的弱者」 (if it invites unfavorable ones). The difference is sometimes subtle! For example, Social Regard (Feared) produces favorable reactions similar to those from Intimidation; 「社会的弱者」 (Monster) also can involve being feared, and while it usually produces unfavorable reactions (up to being hunted on sight), it gives a large Intimidation bonus. Use the first for races that are still seen as people with some legal rights, and the second for races that aren’t seen as people at all. Only traits that don’t depend on individual acts or stages in the life cycle are suitable; among 「社会的弱者」s, this can be Dead (p. 46), Minority Group, Monster, Second-Class Citizen, Subjugated, and Valuable Property; possibly Uneducated; and the supernatural form of Excommunicated for entities such as demons.

　If only some people view a race in a certain way, give it a racial Reputation, or different racial Reputations with differ ent groups. Do the same if reactions to a race take a specialized form, or are based on specialized traits, that don’t easily fit any standard type of Social Regard or 「社会的弱者」.

コラム：「[[文化的に定義された性質>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Culturally_Defined_Traits]]」

原書表記

Culturally Defined Traits
　Some traits are not necessarily specific to any one culture, but take on distinctive forms in particular cultures. These may be culturally flavored versions of standard variants of those traits, or newly defined variants for particular cultures. The obvious examples are self-imposed mental 不利な特徴s ――notably Code of Honor or Disciplines of Faith (but not Trademark or Vow, which are inherently individualized and don’t have standard variants) ――but other possibilities are 「強迫行為」 Behavior, Delusions, Phobias, or even a particular Addiction. Some of these may be suitable as elements in cultural lenses or even as archetypal traits.

「[[種族とパワー>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Races_and_Powers]]」

原書表記

Races and Powers
　Belonging to a race, as such, can’t be defined as a power. Powers of many types can be shut off ――by mundane or technological countermeasures, anti-powers, or the disapproval of the being that grants them. What would it mean to “shut off” being a demon or a robot ――or, for that matter, a human being? Your template is what you are; if you stop being that, you stop being, vanishing from the world. A high-end cosmic ability might conceivably be able to negate someone’s very existence, but no ordinary force should be capable of that.

　On the other hand, becoming a member of a race ――through 「形態変更」, for instance ――can be treated as the ability of a power. Ordinarily this means that having the power shutdown restores your original form. If 「形態変更」 has Once On, Stays On (『GURPS Powers』, pp. 75, 109), however, shutting it down takes away the ability to resume your original form, leaving you stuck in the assumed form.

　It’s also perfectly possible for races to have powers; magical powers are common in fantasy, and psionic powers in science fiction. Countermeasures against the power source can shut down specific racial abilities, but won’t usually make the race unable to exist or function ――a dragon in a no-mana zone might lose its fiery breath or be unable to fly, but would still be a huge creature with sharp teeth and an armored hide. Of course, if it lost the ability to fly at an altitude of 1,000 feet, the fall might easily kill it!

「[[第4章>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#04]]」
[[第4章「登場種族」>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#04]]

原書表記

　Once a race has a template, characters who belong to it can be brought into play, by the GM and often by players. This raises the issue of how to use a template effectively in a campaign ――and knowing how a race will be used can also help in designing its template in the first place.

「[[種族のコストはおいくら？>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#_]]」

原書表記

　Different races aren’t all equal, and their point costs don’t have to be the same.

　The standard way to deal with this in GURPS is to give every character the same number of character points. Templates with positive point values are bought as advantages; templates with negative point values are taken as 不利な特徴s.

　Suppose a campaign allows 100 points for character design, and up to -50 points in 不利な特徴s and 癖s. A normal human can spend up to 150 points on desirable traits and take up to -50 points in undesirable ones. A member of a -25-point race can spend up to 150 points, but has free choice of only -25 points of undesirable traits; a member of a 75-point race can take the full -50 points in undesirable traits, but can’t have more than 75 points of desirable ones; a member of a 375-point race can’t be played at all! Player-character races have a limited range of point values, and extreme values allow fewer choices for character design.

　A way around this is to separate the choice of race from spending points. Players get some number of base points, and some maximum number of points from 不利な特徴s. But they also get to choose a character’s race, and that doesn’t count toward these limits. This takes care in planning the campaign; races with positive costs have to be specialized enough that they don’t overwhelm other races, while races
with negative costs have to have merits that make playing them worthwhile. Maybe, for example, the -25-point race is small and good at hiding, making suitable thieves or scouts; maybe the 375-point race is highly intelligent, but has little understanding of emotions and social interaction. It’s also possible to allow free choice of 種族テンプレート, but within limits; e.g., “any race worth no less than -50 points and no more than 50.”

　A further step is to do away with point budgets. In the “build to concept” approach, players choose a race and a few other broad descriptions, such as “cultural background” and “profession,” and choose traits to fit each of these. If the campaign uses character templates (see GURPS Template Toolkit 1: Characters), character design might involve choosing racial and character templates ――though it’s a good idea to allow a few points for skills, 特典s, and 癖s outside of these, to make characters more interesting. The point cost of each character is whatever its traits add up to. The primary “balancing” mechanism is the requirement for each character to embody a coherent and limited concept. However, it’s also vital that the GM design a suite of races (see 「種族設定?」, pp. 22-23) that can all play useful roles in a campaign, no matter how different their point values (disregarding the restrictions under 「種族とパワー?」, p. 35).

コラム：「[[超種族>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Super-Races]]」

原書表記

　In most campaigns, racial cost is limited to a modest range of point values, whether positive or negative. But it’s possible to create extremely powerful races. Angelic or demonic beings, natural or elemental spirits, fantasy races such as dragons, advanced aliens, or combat robots could be built on hundreds of points. These usually appear as NPCs ――possibly Patrons or 「敵」. But in a high-end campaign, such as epic fantasy or supers, PCs may have enough character points to belong to such races.

　In the supers genre, a common character origin is as members of alien races, such as DC’s Kryptonians and Martians and most of the Legion of Super-Heroes, or Marvel’s Kree and Skrulls. Often, abilities of such races ――like other “superpowers” ――can be negated or stolen by advanced technology or special abilities based on 「中和」 or 「静止」. In this case, it makes sense as a genre assumption to apply the Super パワー修正 to any racial traits that are affected this way.

　Such a campaign may also be a case for Player-Designed Races (p. 37).

「[[変更箇所>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Modification ]]」

原書表記

　Not all humans are typical. A long list of GURPS traits are ways in which a human character can differ from the average human, and choosing among these is an important part of character creation. It’s just as legitimate to create an atypical nonhuman character.

　A character can have attributes or secondary characteristics different from the racial average, unless their race has a 禁止性質 fixing an attribute or secondary characteristic’s level. Buy attributes up or down from 10, at the usual cost, and then add or subtract any racial bonus or penalty. Use the resulting values to figure secondary characteristics; buy these up or down from the figures, at the usual cost and with the standard restrictions on how big a change is possible; and again add or subtract any racial bonus or penalty.

　A character can lack capabilities that appear as advantages on its 種族テンプレート. For example, just as a human can have 「視覚障害」 or 「片腕」, a member of another race could have No 「ソナー」 or Missing 「追加の腕」 as an individual trait. The negative point value of the lack should exactly cancel out the positive point value included in the template.

　Approach adding capabilities with caution. For example, average mammalian vision compares to human vision as human smell compares to a dog’s 「超嗅覚」; buying off 「視力が悪い」 (「L-低解像度」) should be treated as acquiring an exotic trait. However, some enhanced capabilities may be within a race’s normal range of variation. Ask the GM before adding such a trait.

　If a race has a Talent, individual members of the race can also have levels of that Talent as an individual trait, up to the usual maximum ――that is, if a race is naturally good at, say, mathematics or social interaction, some of its members may be gifted beyond human limits. It should also be possible, with most Talents, for an individual member of the race to buy down the Talent; the negative point value for the resulting “Anti-Talent” should exactly cancel the positive point value included in the template.

　For behavioral traits, humans can vary in either direction from the (usually neutral) human average. A similar adjustment can be made around any racial norm; see 「行動と精神性?」 (pp. 40-41). Such reasoning can apply to other traits that can shift in two different directions. For example, an unusually homely elf might have Not 「魅力的」 to represent being no better looking than a human. In some cases, the description may take a different form: a playful member of a race with 「ユーモア感覚の欠如」 might have Sense of Humor [10], or a very timid member of a race with 「恐怖を感じない」 1 might have 「恐がり」 1 [-4] with a footnote: “Bought down from racial 「恐怖を感じない」 1.”

　Standard racial traits should be subsumed by the racial template. Differences should be listed as individual traits.

「[[プレイヤーがデザインした種族>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Player-Designed_Races]]」

原書表記

　Some players may want to do more than modify a racial template ――they might want to create a template for a race of their own creation, or have the GM do so.

　Letting players do this can generate problems for a campaign. There’s a chance of its leading them into temptation, inviting the creation of races as a form of wish fulfillment, or of excessively powerful races that make characters of other races irrelevant; or if several players take the opportunity, of turning the campaign into an arms race. Even players who don’t feel such urges won’t have as good a sense as the GM of what the game world is like, or how different races fit into it ――especially if the campaign is intended to have a suite of races that fit together coherently (see 「種族設定?」, pp. 22-23). The fewer races a game world has, the more adding a new race will change it, and the more the campaign will revolve around that race; in the limit, if there’s only one nonhuman race, as in an alien “first contact” situation, dealing with that race is likely to be the campaign’s entire focus.

　On the other hand, a campaign might allow the creation of individual characters with exotic or supernatural traits ――as supers, for example. If a character template can have such traits, a similar 種族テンプレート would usually have no greater disruptive effect. And while a single new race is likely to be the main focus of a campaign, one new race among many, as in some outer space or “invented world” fantasy settings, may have little impact on a game world. So some GMs may choose to explore this option.

　This is something the GM has to decide. A campaign’s theme or setting may not admit nonhuman races. If it does, players’ ideas for races still require GM approval as playable. It’s generally a good idea to set limits on racial design, both prohibiting unsuitable traits (e.g., a hard science fiction campaign probably won’t allow 「魔法の素質」) and setting limits on racial point cost (which should fit within the point totals allowed for PCs). Hugely powerful races might be a source of Patrons or 「敵」, but players don’t get to design these NPCs! It’s often helpful to have players discuss ideas for races among themselves, to make sure whatever they come up with is enjoyable for everyone. Following on from this, if player-created races are allowed, they should all be created before anyone builds an individual character, and any player should have the right to play a member of any other player’s invented race.

「[[種族の発明>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Inventing_Races]]」

原書表記

　In some settings, new races can be created during the campaign. Existing races may be modified into new forms, such as parahumans or uplifted animals. Entirely new races may be invented, such as robots, infomorphs, golems, or tulpas.

　In some campaigns, this is a long-term project for a large organization. Working on it is likely a job, calling for monthly job rolls against skills such as Alchemy (for homunculi), Bioengineering (for life forms), 〈コンピュータ・プログラミング〉 (for infomorphs), Engineer (for computers, robots, or vehicles), or Ritual Magic or Thaumatology (for magical entities). Most of the actual work will take place offstage, but an occasional game session might be devoted to testing a prototype, fixing a bug, or containing catastrophic effects; the New Inventions rules (pp. B473-474) can provide inspiration.

　The same skills can apply to actually creating a new race, if this is possible for PCs. This is an exception to the recommendation against player-designed races, as the PCs won’t normally belong to the newly created race. Use New Inventions for realistic attempts, or Gadgeteering (pp. B475-477) for
cinematic ones. As with any invention, the GM assigns the difficulty. Guidelines for some types of races appear in GURPS Powers: The Weird.

　For this type of project, coming up with a 種族テンプレート can represent the “Concept roll” step in design. If the players submit a 種族テンプレート that’s internally consistent and compatible with the setting’s TL, treat this as a valid Concept roll. If there are questionable points, a roll against the invention skill can identify them; on a failure, the inventor needs to make another try. On a critical failure, the project moves forward ――but at best the prototype will use up resources with no result, while at worst it will have a major physical or mental defect, which the GM should secretly add to the 種族テンプレート. A Prototype roll will often also add minor or major defects. Testing a prototype may take a long time; for new biological species, for example, one testing roll a year is plausible! Testing a sapient race typically calls for Teaching rolls; for nonsapient life forms, use Animal Handling (or possibly Gardening!); for vehicles, use the relevant vehicle operation skill.

「[[形態変更>GURPS Template Toolkit 2: Races#Shapeshifting]]」